Mitundu chidwi. Mitundu ndi mitundu ya polojekiti zowerengera

Nditawerenga nkhani imeneyi, mudzaphunzila kodi zosiyanasiyana, mitundu ndi njira chidwi. Ndi funso la Kugawilidwa kwanthaka awo mu zochitika za pa. Tikupereka kaye yonse ya kuzipenya ntchito nthambi izi chidziwitso. Kufunika kusankha njira deta anatsimikiza kuti muli mitundu yambiri ya polojekiti. Akusiyana makamaka ndi mmene mfundo ndi n'komwe mu nthawi. Mmene izi, izi mitundu ya kuzipenya: ndi mwadongosolo, zodziwitsa ndi mpukutu pamodzi.

The mwadongosolo, zodziwitsa ndi kamodzi anaziika

Mwadongosolo kuonerera, yomwe ikuchitika mosalekeza ndipo ngati pali zizindikiro za chodabwitsa chidwi otchedwa panopa. Bukuli lili munali zofunika kwa mapangidwe mwachilungamo wathunthu wa chodabwitsa zikalata chachikulu.

Zodziwitsa polojekiti imachitika kudzera ena nthaŵi. Mwachitsanzo, anthu m'dzikolo akalembetse m'kaundula.

Ngati kuonerera imachitidwa nthawi, palibe periodicity okhwima, kaya ndi munthu wolemera, ndi mfundo imodzi-nthawi.

Discontinuous ndi mosalekeza polojekiti

Mitundu chidwi mu ziwerengero zigwire malinga ndi zomwe zikusiyana pa mawu Kuphunzira zonse za anthu. Kusiyanitsa pankhaniyi, discontinuous ndi mosalekeza. Otsiriza akutchedwa, amene amaganizira mayunitsi onse a anthu chandamale mosachotsera. Komabe, si nthawi zonse zoyenera ndi zotheka gulu lake, makamaka pankhani ulamuliro khalidwe. Wopitiriza polojekiti Pankhaniyi kumabweretsa mfundo yakuti kuchuluka kwa ntchito amakampani kuŵeta mulibemo. Choncho, m'pofunika kuti achite tsankho (discontinuous) Mawu. Pamafunika nkhani kundu mayunitsi anthu ndi kupereka lingaliro la chodabwitsa wonse, mbali kanukanu.

Kupitiriza ndi mitundu, mitundu ndi njira kuonerera, tiona kuti kuonerera sanali mosalekeza Ubwino:

1) imayenereza kuli ndalama mauthenga komanso ntchito poyerekeza ndi olimba, chifukwa amachepetsa chiwerengero mayunitsi kafukufuku;

2) kusonkhanitsa deta pa zotheka pulogalamu timapangira ndipo mu nthawi yaifupi kuti athe Tsegulani amaika malire makamaka chidwi ife limodzi pofuna kukwaniritsa kuphunzira kwambiri kuti;

3) deta kuonerera ntchito kulamulira zipangizo discontinuous okonzeka ndi mosalekeza;

4) mtundu uwu ungakhale nthumwi (nthumwi).

Kusankha mayunitsi zimene ananena pamene noncontinuous

Ataona Discontinuous bwino zochokera mu mayunitsi yeniyeni gawo, zimene zimathandiza kupeza makhalidwe khola zambiri anthu onse. Mu mchitidwe ziwerengero zosiyanasiyana njira chidwi. Khalidwe la discontinuous, kumene wochepa ndi zotsatira analandira ndi mosalekeza. Komabe, nthawi zina, likhoza kukhala sanali mosalekeza zakuthambo.

Mayunitsi kuti tiyenera kuziganizira amasankhidwa m'njira imeneyo, chifukwa deta pa iwo kuti mfundo zolondola zokhudza zochitika chidwi wonse. Choncho, chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu kuonerera discontinuous ndi kuti kuchuluka kwa mayunitsi kusankha bungwe mu njira izi:

- monographic;

- thupi chachikulu;

- zitsanzo zosankhidwazi;

- mafunso.

Njira thupi chachikulu

Kusankha ina ya mayunitsi, omwe akuwapondereza mbali kuphunzira kumafuna njira zosiyanasiyana chachikulu. Komabe, si choncho amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri pamene ntchito maonekedwe discontinuous ndi njira powona ichi sasamalira kusankha chabe zinthu amene amaimira anthu onse, onse a ziwalo. Kusankha kudzera thupi waukulu wapangidwa pamene anatengedwa kwambiri, ndi akaphatikiza waukulu kuti simupindula pa maziko a anaphunzira kulemera okwana.

chitsanzo kafukufuku

Pofuna kupeza kuchuluka kwa gawo khalidwe lonse mayunitsi ake, ntchito kusankha kuonerera, ozikidwa pa mfundo za chitsanzo. Mu chimake ichi, chikhalidwe mwachisawawa kusankha amatitsimikizira chitetezo cha zotsatira, anachenjeza za kukondera.

mafotokozedwe monographic

Ife yothandiza mitundu ya anaziika kufotokoza monographic. Ndi mtundu umodzi wokha chidwi mu ziwerengero. Izi ndi kuphunzira zambiri za makamaka generic chinthu, chimene chiri chidwi mwa mawu a anthu onse.

Izi ndi mitundu ikuluikulu chidwi si mosalekeza.

General anthu ndi zochepa chabe pamalangizo

Generalizing ndi kuchuluka kwa zizindikiro mu njira chitsanzo kukhazikika pa maziko a mbali ya (m'malo kakang'ono - za 5-10%). Mu anthu ili limene kusankha mayunitsi gawo, zambiri chimatchedwa ambiri. Part wa unit kuti asankhidwa kale amatchedwa okwana nyemba (ayi - nyemba). Kafukufuku ntchito njira zochepa chabe pamalangizo ikuchitika ndi ndalama zochepa chuma ndi antchito, ndipo mu nthawi yaifupi. Izi amachepetsa zolakwa kulembetsa ndi bwino dzuwa.

Kugwiritsa njira zochepa chabe pamalangizo kuchita

Pofotokoza mitundu ikuluikulu ya kuyang'anila sitingathe akukhala pa chitsanzo, amene chotchuka kwambiri. Iye zimatheka pamene ulamuliro mankhwala khalidwe zitha kukhala owononga. mitundu ndi anagawira mu departmental ndi boma ziwerengero (kuphunzira antchito bajeti mabanja, osawuka, antchito, ndi zikhalidwe nyumba). Ndi otchuka pa malonda (mphamvu ya mitundu yatsopano ya makhalidwe ake, kusowa kwa katundu wa anthu) ndi ena.

Zitsanzo zosankhidwazi njira - Ndipotu, gulu lalikulu la njira, amene zimasiyana Chrixitu. Monga ulamuliro, iwo kumadalira pa mfundo za mwachisawawa kusankha anthu.

Zitsanzo za ntchito njira zochepa chabe pamalangizo

Zitsanzo za kuzipenya zikusonyeza ntchito zawo. Nazi zitsanzo zochepa za kusankha mudzakhala kumvetsa bwino mbali yake. Kwambiri theoretically Kutacha lero chifukwa iye sanali mosalekeza chifukwa zimachokera pa mfundo za zitsanzo zosankhidwazi mwachisawawa. Lililonse limakhala pamodzi ndi osankhidwa mwachisawawa ali Mwina womwewo wa pokhala mumtengo. Pa makope lotale Mwachitsanzo, ntchito mfundo imeneyi chifukwa n'kothandiza mwayi wofanana kutichitikira matikiti onse. Pamene kulimbitsa ndi mwachisawawa kusankha ntchito. . Ngati ophunzira 10 zikwi kusankha 1000 kuti kuphunzira ntchito yawo, izo zikhoza kuchitidwa motere: pa zidutswa mapepala kulemba mayina a ophunzira ndi mwakhungu tinyamuke mu 1000.

Kubwereza-free ndi zochepa chabe pamalangizo mobwerezabwereza

Monga kubwereza-free, Mungathe kubwereza zitsanzo zosankhidwazi mwachisawawa. Zochita zambiri ntchito kubwereza-free, kuti zili m'gulu unit chitsanzo sanabwerere ku anthu ambiri, motero chiwerengero cha amachepetsa posachedwapa nthawi zonse. Lotale atamukoka chichitike zolinga zawo. Unit anasankha pamene adzathe kusankha amagwanso anthu ambiri. Choncho, chiwerengero cha masika akhala zikutsatiridwa m'kati chitsanzo kafukufuku. Ngati ife titembenukira chitsanzo chathu ndi ophunzira, tingathe kuona zotsatirazi: Pankhaniyi, kukhudzana pepala ndi dzina la mmodzi wa ngozi osankhidwa, anabwerera kachiwiri kachiwiri ndi umakhoza chitsanzo.

Njira akatswiri kusankha

Nkofunika kuti palibe zinthu monga kukonza mosamala komiti kapena munthu ikhoza kukhala gwero. M'mawu ena, m'pofunika kuti mwachisawawa kusankha mfundo ndi kulemekezedwa. Komabe, kuchita kukhazikitsa zimavuta. Pali ziwerengero lomwe likulamuliridwa ndi kusankha njira akatswiri. Zimenezi chifukwa cha zovuta zina. Mwachitsanzo, izo zikuchitika mu kusankha katundu kuwerengera mtengo akalozera, kapena mu mapangidwe zikuchokera "madengu" ingatithandize kuzindikira mtengo wa moyo. Kodi amasintha olondola mu Zikatero, kukana njira osankhidwa mwachisawawa. Komabe, Kudziwa kafukufuku wataika ndipo nthawizina pali mitundu yosiyana nsikidzi anaziika, chifukwa zimatengera Pankhaniyi pa Katswiri oyenerera.

Mawotchi (mwadongosolo) Kusankha

Nthawi zambiri, mu kuchita, mwamwambo (mwadongosolo) kusankha. Tiyeni tinene, 10 chikwi. Ophunzira ndi kudzachotsa chikwi. Pankhaniyi, kutero: Anzanga onse anakonza kuti afabeti ndiyeno anamutenga iliyonse chakhumi cha iwo.

Popeza imeneyi mu nkhani iyi ndi wofanana 10, ikuchitika ndi 10% mosamala (10,000 akufufuta 1000). Ngati pamwamba khumi anali wophunzira wachitatu (mukhoza kusankha kuti ndi zambiri), anasankha Pankhaniyi adzakhala 13, 23, 33th ... 9993rd. Kusankha mwadongosolo, tikuona kuti ambiri amaika umakaniko anawagawa anthu ena, ndipo wagawo munthu kuchotsedwa lililonse (chitsanzo ichi - wophunzira wina). Tikumbukenso kuti mawotchi (mwadongosolo) kusankha nthawi zonse kubwereza-free. M'pofunikanso kutsindika kuti unit anasankha pamene anagawira wogawana kudutsa anthu.

Njira chidwi mu ziwerengero

M'pofunika kusiyanitsa pakati pa njira ndi mitundu ya kuonerera zowerengera. Zapitazo, ife monga taonera, ife tifike ku kuphunzira njira. mfundo ndi yakuti zosiyanasiyana chidwi tingaone kaya njira ndi kupeza magwero nkhani yaikulu. Mmene izi, kuonerera wolemekezeka zopelekedwa, kafukufuku ndi kuonerera mwachindunji.

Mwachindunji - ndi wotchi imene imagwiridwa ndi anthu ochuluka, kuyeza mfundo za makhalidwe ena mwa readout zipangizo anthu amene kulinyamula (otchedwa kaundula).

Chifukwa chakuti njira zina ndi mitundu ya polojekiti zowerengera sangathe kugwira ntchito ikuchitika pafupipafupi mwa mndandanda enieni mafunso kafukufuku. Mu mayankho mwapadera lokhazikika. Amadziŵika, malinga ndi mmene iwo analandira, ndi mtolankhani kutumiza, komanso kudzikonda njira. Ife mwachidule pofotokoza aliyense wa iwo.

Ulendo ndi gulu wapadera (forwarder kauntala) pakamwa. Munthu uyu amadzadza kunja mawonekedwe kafukufuku kapena mawonekedwe.

njira mtolankhani kuti bungwe mothandizidwa ndi kafukufuku yamakalata ndipamene gulu lapadera la anthu kukonzedwa bwino (otchedwa kudzera). anthu mogwirizana ndi pangano ayenera malizitsani mawonekedwe ndiyeno kubwerera ku gulu. Mu kafukufuku ndi kudziona cheke chimachitika kapena ayi malizitsani mawonekedwe molondola. Mofanana ndi mafunso mtolankhani ndondomeko wodzazidwa kafukufukuyu okha, koma chopereka awo ndi kugawa, komanso molondola kulamulira ndi kudzaza malangizo ikuchitika owerengera.

Mitundu ya anaziika mu zochitika za pa

Poganizira njira, njira, mitundu chidwi zowerengera, ife anafotokoza za mitundu ya. Iwo atatu: Register mwapadera-bungwe polojekiti ndi malipoti. Monga mukuonera, mitundu ndi mitundu chidwi zowerengera - osati chinthu chomwecho. Iwo ayenera kumvetsa kusiyana therebetween.

Mlandu - mawonekedwe waukulu kuyang'aniridwa. Mothandizidwa ndi ziwerengero boma matupi kulandira kuchokera ku mabungwe ndi makampani a mudziwe mu mawonekedwe yolembedwa ndi anthu a udindo wa zikalata mlandu.

Mwapadera-bungwe kuonerera - mndandanda wa zomwe bungwe mabungwe zowerengera kwa phunziro sanabise zochitika malipoti, kapena zambiri mozama deta mlandu, kuukonza awo ndi kutsimikiza. Zimatengera mawonekedwe a mitundu yosiyanasiyana Kafukufuku ndi kalembera.

Ife tafotokozeramu pafupifupi onse akuluakulu njira, mitundu ndi mitundu chidwi zowerengera. Panali yekha otsiriza mawonekedwe - akaundula. Izo zikuchitika mu nkhani ya polojekiti apitirize njira zikuchitika kwa nthawi yaitali, amene yotsimikizika chiyambi, chitukuko ndi mapeto. Mosalekeza mayunitsi mfundo boma lokhazikika pamodzi. Zochita zowerengera, kusiyanitsa akaundula malonda ndi akaundula anthu. Yotsirizira nthawi zonse actualized dzina mndandanda wa anthu dziko. Makampani amapereka makampani ndi mitundu yonse ya zinthu zachuma ndi mfundo za makhalidwe ena a aliyense unit.

Choncho, takambirana njira, njira, mitundu chidwi zowerengera. Ndithudi, ife anakhudza mwachidule chabe, koma chinthu chofunika kwambiri taonera.