Autecology - ndi kuti sayansi?

Kuyambira nthawi pamene mu 1866 ku German zamoyo Ernst Haeckel , imaphunzira ubale lake ndi chilengedwe, chidziwitso m'munda uyu kukodzedwa kwambiri (1834-1919) anayambitsa mfundo terminology sayansi zachilengedwe sayansi. Anatuluka ngati woima nthambi ya chidziwitso mu XX atumwi, pang'onopang'ono anabwera chitukuko cha specializations zosiyanasiyana ndi Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa malangizo achindunji kwambiri zachilengedwe.

Imeneyi, mfundo zachilengedwe chakale, chigawo zikuluzikulu - chilengedwe kwachilengedwenso - anataya zosiyanasiyana mayina ndi mawu, kuchititsa chisokonezo. Kuti dongosolo kudziwa wamba kuyesa kuyamba gawo kuphunzira mogwirizana kwa wina chamoyo chilengedwe (autecology). Ndi bwino mawu a Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa mumaganiza zikuluzikulu zitatu sayansi: kuphunzira biosphere lonse, anthu payekha ndipo potsiriza, mitundu yeniyeni.

Kufotokozera mwachidule mfundo

Ubale monga sayansi za anzake a chamoyo ndi chilengedwe wachita kale kugawidwa mu nthambi zambiri palokha. Ena inakhazikitsidwa pamphambano ndi nzeru zina. Iwo n'kopanda masango monga: yeniyeni ndi chikhalidwe zachilengedwe, masamu ndi zina Geo-zachilengedwe. A mbali chikhalidwe dzina ndi ofanana ndi nthambi ya zamoyo.

Nawonso malo enieni mu phunziro la mutu wake monga maziko kutenga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya gulu:

• pa mfundo za mogwirizana ndi wapadera wa mabungwe kwachilengedwenso (autecology, synecology, anthu zachilengedwe, eydekologiya);
• Systematics mfundo taxonomic mayunitsi (zachilengedwe za zomera, nyama, bowa ndi zina zotero);
• pamaziko a malo (apadziko zachilengedwe, nyanja).

Phunziro nkhani ya m'nkhaniyi - ndi zigawo zachilengedwe: autecology, synecology, anthu zachilengedwe ndi eydekologiya.

Chifukwa cha mfundo za chilengedwe

Autecology - tsango la amalanga zachilengedwe, zomwe adaphunzira mogwirizana ndi malo a mitundu ina ya zamoyo womuimira. La mawu anapanga ku Galimoto za Greek - ". Ndekha" Mawu akuti anayambitsa mu 1896 ndi katswiri ku Switzerland K. Schroeter.

Mwachitsanzo, ciliates nsapato moyo mu chilengedwe makamaka. Kodi chimachitika n'chiyani chingasinthe ndi mmene zidzakhudza zamoyo? The njira yaikulu ya kuphunzira, amene amagwiritsa autecology - ndi zasayansi kuyesera. Mwachitsanzo, mmene pa chilengedwe infusorian makutidwe ndi okosijeni? Ndipo kodi malire mfundo za acidity musawononge ntchito yofunika lake?

Autecology akuyendayenda malire mfundo ziti zachilengedwe mu ziyenera mmene awo pa kugwira ntchito za masiku onse amoyo. Pa deta zimenezi zachokera dongosolo lonse la woipa pazipita chovomerezeka zinthu kudziwa zokhazikika zopezera chakudya. Choncho, autecology - ndi maziko a mfundo alipo zachilengedwe ntchito olemba ano.

Pali chitetezo manambala

Population zachilengedwe (kuchokera Demos ndi Greek - "anthu") - apamwamba mlingo wa gulu la m'bulu amalanga zachilengedwe. Chinthu kuphunzira mu gawo limeneli ndi chiwerengero cha zamoyo monga gulu kwenikweni alipo chilengedwe anapatsidwa. Amadziwika kuti zamoyo sakhala kwayekha. Iwo zikugwirizana kwambiri ndi mzake, mwa zinthu zina ndi chilengedwe.

Mfundo za maphunziro, Gona mwa gulu ndi chiwerengero cha anthu a kusintha limodzi mitundu nawo zachilengedwe anthu. Choncho, chiphunzitso cha mfundo pazipita chovomerezeka ndi mfundo chilengedwe tiyenera kuziganizira molumikizana "autecology - anthu zachilengedwe". Information sayansi yothandizana Nawonso achichepere wina, ndi mosemphanitsa.

View - structural unit wa kusanduka

Masiku ano, kudziŵa kwathu bwanji kupanga dongosolo chimodzi cha moyo pa dziko kukuza chidziwitso cha chibadwa, sayansi, biophysics ndi maphunziro ena a sayansi ya zaka zapitazi. The zambiri tikukhala, m'pamenenso amaona kuti akukhala kwambiri mfundo za mitundu monga gulu la zamoyo ofanana mu chiwerengero zizindikiro (kwa morphological kuti majini) kwanilitse kuti zibalane mtundu wawo, ndi amene akukhala mu dera. Choncho panali ndithu kuwundana achinyamata Sciences - eydekologiya (kuchokera eidos Greek - "m'chifanizo" kapena "maganizo"). Iye anapitiriza kukhala ndi kudziunjikira kafukufuku m'munsi.

Ubale ammudzi

Synecology (ku uchimo Greek - "pamodzi") - tsango la Sciences, yomwe ikufotokoza kuchotsedwa anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi taxa osiyana mwadongosolo. Mu zikuyendera mogwirizana ndi mnzake, komanso ndi zinthu zachilengedwe. Synecology pafupi kwambiri ndi Geo-zachilengedwe ndi zachilengedwe biocenoses. Izi ndi limodzi amene ali ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha polumikizana ndi zaumunthu pafupi. Ndi mbali ya zachilengedwe mphamvu monga gulu structural.

Poganizira sayansi miyambo nthawi zambiri anafotokoza mu mawu a zamoyo kwachilengedwenso magulu zachilengedwe kuti apange mu chirengedwe, ife kulimvetsa interrelationships wa zamoyo zonse ndi njira angathe bwanji kuwononga maubwenzi amenewa ndi kuwasunga. kuzindikira Environmental m'lingaliro wodziika, anakuphunzitsani kuyambira ali mwana, kumawonjezera mwayi wa kupulumuka anthu ndi kuteteza wa biosphere wa dziko mu mtundu ano okhazikika.