Ilya Mechnikov - mlengi wa chiphunzitso ma ya chitetezo chokwanira

Pa theka lachiwiri la XIX atumwi, madokotala ndi akatswiri a nthawi imeneyo mwachangu ankafufuza udindo wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pa chitukuko cha matenda opatsirana, komanso mwayi kupanga m'thupi yokumba kwa iwo. maphunziro Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti kuphunzira mfundo za chitetezo chilengedwe cha thupi ku matenda. Pasteur anapereka kwa asayansi lingaliro otchedwa "zatha mphamvu." Malinga ndi mfundo imeneyi, chitetezo chokwanira tizilombo ndi matenda amene thupi la munthu si michere kwa wothandizila opindulitsa opatsirana. Komabe, mfundo imeneyi analephera kuufotokoza angapo kuzipenya othandiza.

Swordsmen: chiphunzitso ma ya chitetezo chokwanira

Chiphunzitsochi anaonekera mu 1883. Mlengi wa chiphunzitso cha chitetezo chokwanira ma inachokera pa chiphunzitso cha Charles Darwin, ndipo zochokera kuphunzira njira m'mimba mwa nyama zomwe zili pamisinkhu yosiyanasiyana kusanduka. Mlembi wa chiphunzitso kumene-zinapangidwa wapeza zina zofanana mu chimbudzi okhudza maselo ambiri a zinthu mu maselo endoderm, amoebae, macrophages minofu ndi monocytes. Kwenikweni, chiphunzitsochi ma ya chitetezo chokwanira analengedwa ndi otchuka Russian wasayansi Ilya Mechnikov. ntchito yake mderali unatha motalika kokwanira. Kupeza iwo mmbuyo momwe mzinda ku Italy Messina, imene wasayansi kusunga khalidwe la utitiri nyanja ndi mphutsi za nyenyezi nyanja.

dokotala wodziwa za vutoli A anapeza kuti akungoyendayenda maselo anati zolengedwa thupi mlendo wazunguliridwa, kenako kuyamwa iwo. Komanso, iwo ayenera kuwonongedwa, ndipo watsimikiza zimakhala amene osafunika ndi thupi kwambiri. Iye ankayesetsa kukhala mfundo zake. Mlengi wa chiphunzitso cha chitetezo chokwanira ma wakhala anayambitsa Ndipotu, mawu akuti "maselo phagocytic" anachokera ku mawu a Chigiriki "fages" - udye "kitos" - selo. Kuti watsopano akuti kwenikweni limatanthauza ndondomeko kudya maselo. Ganizo phagocytes izi wasayansi wabwera pang'ono kale, pamene ine ndinali kuwerenga chimbudzi okhudza maselo ambiri maselo osiyanasiyana connective minofu invertebrates: thonje, amoebas ndi zina.

Anthu a dziko apamwamba nyama phagocytes kwambiri mmene angatchedwe maselo oyera, mwachitsanzo leukocytes. Kenako, mlengi wa chiphunzitso cha chitetezo chokwanira ma anapereka kugawana maselo amenewa kuti macrophages, ndi macrophages. Kulondola lidatsirizika kukwaniritsa zimenezi kulekana wasayansi P. Ehrlich kuti kusiyanitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya leukocytes ndi kudetsa. Mu ntchito zake tingachipeze powerenga wodzipereka kwa kudwala kutupa, mlengi wa chiphunzitso ma ya chitetezo chokwanira anatha kutsimikizira udindo wa maselo phagocytic mu ndondomeko ya kuwonongedwa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Kale mu 1901 iye anadza ku dziko la ku ntchito yake lofunika pa asanazolowere matenda opatsirana. Kuwonjezera pa Ilya Mechnikov, chopereka kwambiri kuti chitukuko ndi kufalitsa chiphunzitso phagocytic a chitetezo chokwanira yotentha ndi IG Savchenko, poopseza Chistovich, LA Tarasevich, AM Birch, VI Isayev ndi nambala ofufuza ena.