The International Space Station (ISS)

The International Space Station - chifukwa cha ntchito anzake a akatswiri a madera angapo a maiko khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi cha dziko (Russia, USA, Canada, Japan, ndi States la European Community). An ntchito wofuna kuti mu 2013, anati chiyambi cha chikumbutso cha kukhazikitsa lakhumi, ophatikizapo kupambana onse ganizo luso pano. Chidwi pa zinthu za malo pafupi ndi wakunja, ndipo zinthu za lapadziko ndi njira asayansi amapereka basi Mayiko Space Station. ISS Komabe, chosamanga mu tsiku lina, izo yoyamba chilengedwe pafupifupi mbiri sate-chaka kufufuza malo.

Kodi izo zonse zinayamba

The akalambula wa ISS anali makina siteshoni. Angatsutse ukulu m'chilengedwe chawo unachitikira amaphunzitsidwa Soviet ndi akatswiri. Ntchito pa "Daimondi" ntchito inayamba mu mochedwa 1964. Asayansi ntchito pa siteshoni zinakhazikitsa danga, chomwe chingathe kukhala 2-3 wokayenda pamwezi. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti "Daimondi" lidzakhalapo kwa zaka ziwiri ndipo pa nthawi ntchito kafukufuku. Mu ntchito za mbali yaikulu ya zovuta anali Ops - zinakhazikitsa yozungulira siteshoni. Iwo linaikidwa ntchito yoyendera adalira anthu, komanso chipinda banja. Ops anali okonzeka ndi hatches awiri EVAs ndi zimatulutsa padziko lapansi makapisozi wapadera ndi mfundo ndi ngalawayo itafika kumzinda mfundo chabe.

The dzuwa la chomera makamaka anatsimikiza ndi nkhokwe zake mphamvu. "Almaz" Madivelopa apeza njira ina kuchulukitsa iwo. Kutumiza chombo ndi cargoes zosiyanasiyana siteshoni zikugwira mmene kukumana zoyendera zombo (TCS). Iwo, mwa zina, akhala okonzeka ndi yogwira dongosolo docking mwamphamvu mphamvu gwero, kwambiri dongosolo zoyenda kulamulira. TCR ankatha nthawi yaitali siteshoni magetsi, komanso kusamalira zovuta lonse. Onse wotsatira ogwira ntchito zofanana, kuphatikizapo la International Space Station, anapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yomweyo kupulumutsa Ops chuma.

choyamba

The kupikisana ndi United States anakankha asayansi Soviet ndi akatswiri ntchito mwamsanga, kotero ena siteshoni danga unakhazikitsidwa mu nthawi yaifupi zotheka - "Patsani". Iye anatengedwa mu danga April 1971. Chifukwa cha siteshoni ndi otchedwa ntchito chipinda chikukhudza zonenepa awiri, ang'ono ndi lalikulu. Mkati mwa Zing'onozing'ono ndi awiri a ulamuliro mfundo ili, mabedi ndi malo zosangalatsa, kusunga, ndi kudya. The yamphamvu zikuluzikulu - zapamwamba zida za sayansi, zida thupi, popanda zomwe silingachite ndege zimenezi, ndipo kumeneko inali shawa ndi olekanitsidwa ena chipinda chimbudzi.

Aliyense motsatizana "Salut" ndi chinachake chosiyana yapita chimodzi: zida ndi zipangizo zamakono, ndi mbali kapangidwe zomwe zinagwirizana kuti chitukuko cha luso ndi nzeru pa nthawi. Izi siteshoni yozungulira chinali chiyambi cha nyengo yatsopano ya kafukufuku wa malo ndi njira lapansi. "Patsani" anali chifukwa chimene anali ikuchitika ambiri maphunziro m'minda ya mankhwala, sayansi, malonda komanso ulimi. N'zovuta Musaone zinachitikira ntchito siteshoni danga, umene wakhala bwinobwino ntchito mu ntchito ya zinakhazikitsa lotsatira.

"The World"

Long anali ndondomeko kudzikundikira zinachitikira ndi nzeru, zimene zinachititsa kuti siteshoni lonse danga. "The World" - ndi yodziyimira payokha piloted zovuta - mapazi ake lotsatira. Iwo anayesedwa otchedwa mfundo kulenga siteshoni chipika pamene nthawi zina mbali yaikulu ya izo anawonjezera mphamvu luso ndi kafukufuku chifukwa merging a zigawo latsopano. Patapita wake "kubwereka" la International Space Station. "Mtendere" wakhala chitsanzo luso ndi zomangamanga ubwino zathu mdziko lathu ndipo kwenikweni anam'patsa otsogolera mu kulengedwa kwa ISS.

Ntchito pa ntchito yomanga siteshoni inayamba mu 1979 ndipo mu kanjira, iye anatengedwa February 20, 1986-TH. Pa nthawi yonse imene alipo "World" pa izo ikuchitika maphunziro osiyanasiyana. Zida zina zofunika anaperekedwa monga mbali ya zigawo ndi zina. Station "Mir" walola asayansi, akatswiri ndi ofufuza kupeza zinachitikira kwambiri mu ntchito ya spacecraft ndi zimenezo lonse. Komanso, anakhala malo mgwirizano mtendere padziko lonse: mu 1992 pakati Russia ndi US anasaina mgwirizano pa mgwirizano mu mlengalenga. Apezeka kwenikweni inayamba mu 1995, pamene siteshoni "Mir" kusiyanitsa mawu American "Olumikiza".

Akamaliza ndege

"Mir" siteshoni anakhala malo zosiyanasiyana maphunziro. Panali bwinobwino woyengeka ndi lotseguka deta m'minda ya zamoyo ndi astrophysics, luso malo ndi mankhwala, geophysics ndi umisiri.

linakhalapo siteshoni anamaliza mu 2001. Chifukwa chosankha kusefukira zinali chitukuko cha mphamvu komanso ena ngozi. Timaika patsogolo Baibulo zosiyanasiyana za chinthu cha chipulumutso, koma osati lalandiridwa, ndipo mu March 2001 siteshoni "Mir" atamizidwa madzi a Pacific Ocean.

Mayiko Space Station: siteji kukonzekera

Ganizo kulengedwa kwa ISS anaonekera pa nthawi imene maganizo kusefukira "World" koma palibe amene sichinachitikepo. Sitipereka chifukwa cha siteshoni wakhala ndale ndi ndalama dziko lathu ndi mavuto a zachuma ku United States. m'mayiko awiriwa kuzindikira kulephera kwawo kupirira ntchito kupanga siteshoni danga. Mu nineties oyambirira izo anasaina mgwirizano mgwirizano, umodzi wa mfundo ndi mayiko Space Station. ISS monga ntchito kugwirizanitsa osati Russia ndi United States, komanso, monga tanenera kale, mayiko khumi ndi zinayi. Imodzi movomerezedwa ndi gulu ntchito unachitikira ISS siteshoni mudzangokhala mayunitsi awiri Integrated, ndi US ndi Russia, m'chinyumba ichi mu kanjira yodziyimira payokha njira analogous kuti "dziko lapansi."

"Dawn"

Choyamba Mayiko Space Station anayamba linakhalapo mu kanjira mu 1998. Pa November 20, pa zinchito katundu Block kupanga Russian unayambitsidwa ntchito "purotoni" roketi "Dawn". Iye anali gawo loyamba la ISS. Amapanga, zinali zofanana ndi "World" ndi zina mwa zigawo siteshoni. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mbali American akufuna kumanga ISS mu kanjira mwachindunji, ndipo zinachitikira kokha mwa anzake Russian, ndi chitsanzo cha "World" anapambutsa iwo kwa njira yodziyimira payokha.

Mkati mwa "Dawn" ali okonzeka ndi zipangizo zosiyanasiyana komanso zida, kachitidwe moyo thandizo, docking, mphamvu, ulamuliro. Chidutswa chidwi zida, kuphatikizapo akasinja mafuta, radiators, makamera ndi mapanelo dzuwa anayikidwa kunja kwa gawo. zigawo zonse kunja ndiotetezedwa ku meteorites zowonetsera wapadera.

gawo ndi gawo

December 5, 1998 ku "Dawn" anapita yoyenda "Chili" ndi American docking gawo "Mgwirizano". Patapita masiku awiri, "Mgwirizano" anali atazikocheza kwa "Dawn". Kenako Mayiko Space Station "yakhala ndi" utumiki gawo "Zvezda", umene ukugwira kupanga mu Russia. "Star" anali akweza m'munsi wagawo siteshoni "Mir". The docking za gawo latsopano zinachitika July 26, 2000. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo "Star" analanda kasamalidwe wa ISS, komanso onse machitidwe moyo thandizo, kunatheketsa kukhala nzika za chombo pa gulu siteshoni.

The kusintha kwa mode zinakhazikitsa

Adalira woyamba wa bungwe la International Space Station anatengedwa "Soyuz TM 31" November 2, 2000. Amakhala W. Shepherd - mkulu wa ulendo wa, Yu Gidzenko - woyendetsa, S. Krikalev - Flight injiniya. Kuyambira nthawi yomwe inayamba gawo latsopano ntchito chomera: anapitirira mu mode zinakhazikitsa.

The zikuchokera maulendowa chachiwiri Yuri Usachev, Dzheyms Voss ndi Susan Helms. Anasintha gulu lake loyamba pa chiyambi cha March 2001.

Kuphunzira malo ndi lapadziko zochitika

The International Space Station - ili mu zosiyanasiyana kafukufuku wa sayansi. vuto lagona aliyense adalira kuphatikizapo msonkhano wa ena dziko njira deta kuphunzira katundu zinthu zina zinthu ndiwachabe, ndi zina zotero. maphunziro Scientific, yomwe imachitika pa ISS akhoza akuimira mu mawonekedwe a mndandanda zowombetsa mkota:

• kuyan'anila osiyanasiyana akutali chinthu danga;
• phunziro la nkhani mdima, kuwala kwa dziko;
• Ataona lapansi, kuphatikizapo kuphunzira zochitika mumlengalenga;
• kuphunzira zinthu zako thupi ndi kwachilengedwenso mu zikhalidwe za weightlessness;
• chiyesedwe cha zipangizo zatsopano ndiponso sayansi mu malo lotseguka;
• yakuthandizani, kuphatikizapo chilengedwe cha mankhwala atsopano, akuyesa njira yodziwira zinthu za weightlessness;
• kupanga zipangizo michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi.

tsogolo

Ngati zinthu ina poyera nkhawa kwambiri ndi intensively masuku pamutu, ISS adzakhala posapita nthawi Kusiya ntchito pa mlingo chofunika. Poyamba izo amaganiza kuti "moyo alumali" ake kulembedwa mu 2016, ndiko kuti, siteshoni unapatsidwa kwa zaka 15 zokha. Komabe, kale mu miyezi yoyamba inayamba ake anamveka malangizo amene tsiku lomalizira izi ochepa understated. Lero kuti akukhulupirira kuti bungwe la International Space Station adzathamanga mpaka 2020. Ndiye, kapena, izo adzavutika tsoka mofanana siteshoni "Mir": ISS madzi kusefukira ku Pacific Ocean.

Masiku ano, mayiko Space Station, amene ankaimira mu pepala chithunzi, ndi bwino komabe kukuzungulira mu kanjira padziko lathuli. Nthawi TV angapezeke akutchula za kafukufuku latsopano zikuchitidwa ndi pa bolodi siteshoni. ISS yekha ndiye chinthu danga zokopa alendo: okha kumapeto kwa 2012 izo anachezeredwa ndi eyiti chombo okonda. Izo zikhoza kapadera kuti mtundu wofanana wa zosangalatsa yekha apeze patsogolo monga dziko lapansi Space - mtundu wa chidwi. Ndipo palibe chithunzi sizingafanane ndi luso kuganizira kukongola koteroko pa zenera wa bungwe la International Space Station.