American Katswiri Samuel Huntington: yonena, ntchito zazikulu. zipolowe za chitukuko

Sociology ndi Science Political bwino sikuli kwa gulu la sayansi yeniyeni. N'zovuta kupeza malo amene ali ndi udindo wa choonadi angatsutse. Mfundo wotchuka kwambiri asayansi specialization ingawonekere zodabwitsa komanso wosiyidwayo moyo weniweniwo, "munthu wamng'ono." Koma pali chiphunzitso, amene anapanga pa maziko a malamulo ena ndi zoweta mayiko munthu ndipo padziko lonse mayiko ammudzi. N'chifukwa chake ndi zogwirizana. Samuel Huntington - American novelist, Katswiri ndi wasayansi ndale - wolemba angapo mfundo. mabuku Ake zambiri zili malingaliro amene ankaoneka kwambiri kwakukulu poyamba, ndiyeno amapereka cholinga ndemanga pa zimene zikuchitika.

Childhood ndi unyamata

Iye anabadwa mu New York m'chaka cha 1927, banja zokhudzana zolembalemba ntchito. atate wake - Richard Thomas Huntington - anali mtolankhani, mayi - Dorothy Sanborn Phillips - wolemba ndi agogo ake akuchikazi - Dzhon Fillips - amadziwika wofalitsa. Kusankha ntchito zogwirizana ndi aluntha zikuwoneka zosadabwitsa. Semyuel Fillips Huntington anali m'malo woyenera mwambo banja polemba okwana 17 mabuku ndi 90 pa nkhani za sayansi voluminous.

Standard mabanja kuti mlingo ndi malo akuoneka kuti asankhidwa kuti maphunziro Sam. Poyamba izi College "The anapiye" (Stuyvesant High School) ku New York, ndiye njira yoyamba digiri pa Yale (Yale University) ku New Haven - mu 1946, ndiye wina wa zamalamulo mu sayansi ndale pa University of Chicago (1948) ndipo potsiriza, Harvard, kumene Samuel Huntington mu 1951 analandira digiri ya dokotala wa nzeru ndi Science Political.

Kodi zinali zodabwitsa zinali ndiye yekha kuti iye bwinobwino katswiri maphunziro mayunivesite mu nthawi zocheperapo kuposa masiku. Popeza kulembetsa mu Yale zaka 16, anamaliza osati mu zaka zinayi, ndi 2.5. A yopuma maphunziro ake ndi utumiki yochepa mu Army US mu 1946, asanaloŵe magistracy.

Professor ndi Consultant

Pambuyo kupeza digiri, iye anapita mu ntchito monga mphunzitsi Alma Mater wake - Harvard. Apo iye ntchito intermittently pafupifupi theka zaka - mpaka 2007. Only kuchokera 1959 mpaka 1962, anachezera wachiwiri Director wa Institute for Nkhondo ndi Mtendere Kusimba mu china yunivesite wotchuka American - Columbia.

Ine pa moyo wake nthawi pamene iye ali pafupi zedi ndi apano andale waudindo wake. Mu 1968, iye anali mlangizi pa mfundo zakunja Pulezidenti Hubert Humphrey, ndipo kuyambira mu 1977 mpaka 1978, Samuel Huntington anatumikira boma Pulezidenti Jimmy Carter ngati chimake akukonzekera pa Bungwe la National Security. maganizo ake anali mwatcheru anamvera mapulezidenti ambiri ndi alembi a boma, ndi Genri Kissindzher ndi Zbignev Bzhezinsky Huntington ankaona mnzake.

mvula wolemba

nthawi zonse popanda kuphunzitsa ndi ntchito pagulu, zoyenera kulemba mabuku. Ali odzazidwa ndi kusanthula mfundo panopa zoweta ndi achilendo wa mayiko waukulu ku dziko ndi Mapa chitukuko njira onse a m'dera lawo komanso padziko lonse. Zochokera maganizo, erudition kwambiri ndi makhalidwe mkulu munthu udachita iye kutchuka ndi ulemu mwa anzake. Zimasonyeza ichi chinali chifukwa chakuti ŵa asayansi ndale ndi akatswiri US anamusankha kuti akhale pulezidenti wa Association American ya Science Political.

Mu 1979, anakhazikitsa magazini "Policy okhonda» (Policy Lina), amene anakhala mmodzi wa mabuku wotchuka kwambiri m'dziko la mgwirizano wa mayiko. Iye lero kusiya bimonthly, kufalitsa kuphatikizapo pachaka "Kudalirana Index" ndi "Kukonda otayika maboma."

Book, kulenga dzina

Buku loyamba, amene analenga mbiri Huntington monga Mumaganiza choyambirira ndi katswiri woganiza, anamukwiyira lofalitsidwa mu 1957 ntchito "NYAKHONDO ndi boma. Chiphunzitso ndi Ndale za Civil-usilikali Relations. " , Iye ankayendera vuto la anthu ogwira, ulamuliro wamba pa asilikali.

Huntington ikufotokoza makhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe chikhalidwe cha kapitawo Corps, anaphunzira asilikali mbiri zinachitikira m'mbuyomu - m'dziko choyamba - kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma XVII, kenako amene anagula mu njira ya nkhondo pa dera la United States ndi kunja komwe kutumiza American aboma. bukuli anasonyeza vuto ndiye ndale pa chiyambi cha Cold nkhondo. Poti wasayansi ndi: kulamulira ogwira pa asilikali ndi anthu zikhazikitsidwe professionalization ake, pa kuchuluka zonse za udindo wa anthu amene adzipereka moyo usilikali.

Monga mabuku ena ambiri, buku unachititsa mtsutso aukali, koma posakhalitsa ambiri maganizo ake anali maziko a kusintha dziko la kupitirirabe asilikali.

"Order ndale Kusintha Societies" (1968)

Mu phunziro limeneli, American wasayansi ndale achititsa kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane za moyo umoyo ndale umene uli m'dzikoli ndi mapeto a 60 ntchentche za m'ma XX. Iwo anali yodziwika ndi zinthu zina, zikamera mudzi wa mayiko, makamaka ulamuliro woyambawo, kunja kwa ulamuliro metropolises ndi kusankha njira ya chitukuko motsutsa likhale lonse maganizo kukumana kwa kachitidwe, amene mtsogoleri Soviet Union ndi United States. Zimenezi zachititsa kuti zikamera akuti "Dziko lachitatuli".

bukuli poona tingachipeze powerenga za ndale poyerekeza. Ndipo pambuyo chinaperekedwa ku kutsutsa aakulu ndi Kuikiradi wa ndiye otchuka pakati Western asayansi ndale wamakono. Huntington m'buku lake kuika mfundo imeneyi, kusonyeza kuti anali kuyesa wozindikira linafalikira m'mayiko osauka chitukuko demokalase kudzera Kukwezeleza maganizo pang'onopang'ono.

"The Wave Chachitatu: Democratization mu m'ma XX" (1991)

Ambiri a buku amatenga kuphunzira chikhalidwe padziko lonse zoyenda sinusoidal ndondomeko ya mayiko m'njira demokalase boma. Pambuyo zochotsa kayendedwe ngati (Huntington anayesedwa mafunde atatu: 1828-1926, 1943-1962, 1974-) ayenera kutha (1922-1942, 1958-1975).

American wasayansi mfundo zachokera mfundo zotsatirazi:

• Democratization - sikutha lonse ndi mumaganiza ambiri ndi zina zapadera.
• Democracy ali ndi khalidwe ndi wosafunika kuti alibe cholinga wanzeru.
• The zosiyanasiyana kuti demokalase.
• Democratization sikuthetsa kumapeto kwa XX atumwi, nkotheka rollback a mayiko ena ndi isanayambike m'ma lotsatira, 4. yoweyula.

chiphunzitso cha chitukuko

buku lakuti "The Mkangano Chifukwa cha chitukuko" (1993) anadzipangira dzina kwa Huntington yotchuka padziko lonse, akuitana ndi kuimba makamaka aukali, kubwera ku malire US. Malinga ndi asayansi, mu kudza XXI m'ma kwa kudziŵa kuti dziko lidzakhala mogwirizana a zikhalidwe zosiyana ndi chitukuko popangidwa ndi chinenero chimodzi ndi moyo.

Kuwonjezera chitukuko Western, Huntington ali eyiti dongosolo limeneli la Asilavo-Orthodox, lotsogoledwa ndi Russian, Japanese, Abuda, Ahindu Latin American, African, Sinskaya (Chinese) ndi chitukuko cha Islam. Malire a dongosolo izi wasayansi anapatsidwa udindo wa mizere zikuluzikulu za nkhondo m'tsogolo.

Tsoka monga akangane kutsutsana ndi

Popeza anamasulidwa patapita zaka zitatu buku la "The Mkangano Chifukwa cha chitukuko ndi ziŵalo dongosolo la dziko", wolemba anaukitsa ngakhale apamwamba mphamvu ya kutsutsana za chiphunzitso chake. The zinthu zoipa wa September 11, 2001 anthu ambiri, makamaka ku America, ndaona ndi chitsimikizo zina za kulondola kwa wotchuka maulosi katswiri pandale, yosonyeza anayamba kukumana kwa chitukuko chosiyana.

Ngakhale ambiri asayansi ndale kudziwitsa za mtima woipa ku chiphunzitso cha Huntington ndi US mabwalo maphunziro, iwo ankakhulupirira kuti pambuyo pa kuukira, limodzi ndi mawu Chisilamu kuti unasesa dziko, "chiphunzitso cha chitukuko" kwathunthu anatengedwa mmwamba ndi mabwalo chigamulo US.

Odala banja

Man anafotokoza mu masamba a mabuku, mwina amphamvu kwambiri ndipo anali kudziŵa mmene mosalekeza ndi adamantly kuteteza maganizo awo kutsutsana anthu, Samuel Huntington tsiku ndi tsiku anali wodzichepetsa kwambiri ndi moyenera. Iye anakhala oposa theka zaka, ndi mkazi wake, Nancy, analera ana aamuna awiri ndi zidzukulu anayi.

Otsiriza lalikulu ntchito ya sayansi anaona kuwala mu 2004. Mu buku la "Ndife Ndani? Mavuto kuti National Umunthu America a" iye ri magwero ndi makhalidwe a lingaliro ili n'kuyesa kulosera mavuto ati akudikira chizindikiro dziko la America m'tsogolo.

Mu 2007, Huntington anakakamizika kumaliza professorship wake pa Harvard mu kuwonongeka kwa thanzi chifukwa mavuto a shuga. Iye anagwira ntchito pa desiki yawo mpaka tsiku lomaliza, mpaka mapeto a December 2008 anamwalira m'tauni ya mphesa Martha ku Massachusetts.

Mu moyo wake wapadziko lapansi mfundo lakhazikitsidwa, koma kutsutsana kwaiye mabuku ake padziko lonse, osati adzafota kwa nthawi yaitali kwambiri.