Phata la maselo a anthu: kapangidwe, ntchito ndi chiyambi

Selo phata - ndi dongosolo kofunika aliyense wa eukaryotic chamoyo. organelle Izi amachita zosiyanasiyana ntchito, koma cholinga chake chachikulu - ndi kusunga ndi kufala kwa chuma cholowa chibadwa.

Pafupifupi yonse yochepetsetsa ya thupi la munthu lili ndi pakati. The kuchotserapo yekha ndi maselo othandiza magazi kuundana ndi maselo ofiira. Ambiri mwa maselo mononuclear, koma Mwachitsanzo, ulusi minofu manyuroni mwina angapo organelles izi. Phata muchipindachi mwina ndi kukula osiyana - lalikulu kapangidwe nyukiliya mu dzira wamkazi.

Cell phata: kapangidwe

Ngale ali ndi dongosolo m'malo ovuta ndipo imakhala nyukiliya envelopu, chromatin, nucleolus ndi nucleoplasm. Tiyeni tione mbali iliyonse mwatsatanetsatane.

• Karioteka kapena Kakhungu nyukiliya - kapangidwe umene umawalekanitsa chilengedwe mkati mwa phata ku cytoplasm lapansi. Chikukhudza chipolopolo uyu wa nembanemba lakunja ndi mkati, pakati muli otchedwa danga perinuclear. N'zochititsa chidwi lakunja Kakhungu m'chimake akudutsa mwachindunji mu nembanemba wa granular endoplasmic reticulum, kotero ESR M'mimbamo ndi akasinja pakati cholukanalukana. chipolopolo A ali pores nyukiliya chatsekedwa kabowo. Iwo anapangidwa kuti malowedwe a mamolekyulu lalikulu, komanso nzeru zinthu pakati karyoplasm ndi cytoplasm.
• Karyoplasm - homogeneous chuma chomwe chimadzaza M'mimbamo lamkati la phata la. Lili ndi nucleolus ndi chromatin.
• Chromatin - selo zinthu chibadwa. wagawo ake structural ndi nucleosome omwe ndi DNA timafupa bala pa mapuloteni yeniyeni - histone. Muchipindachi, pali limati awiri chuma chibadwa. Heterochromatin ndi woimira yaing'ono, wandiweyani granules osmophilic. Euchromatin kapena anamasuka chromatin - madera amene yogwira otaya kupanga njira. Pa magawano foni ya chromatin n'kuundana kuti apange DNA.
• Nucleolus - yaing'ono chowulungika dongosolo kuti tichipeza mwawo RNA ndi mapuloteni mamolekyulu. Ndi apa kuti mapangidwe a subunits ribosome. Phata kungakhale nucleoli limodzi kapena angapo, koma iwo akhoza amangoona maselo sanali kugawa.

Cell phata: Ntchito

Ntchito ya phata selo zingadziŵike ndi kuwerenga kukonza. Choyamba, ngale ndi udindo kufala kwa mudziwe cholowa anapereka pa magawano khungu, onse mitosis ndi meiosis. Pa mitosis, maselo mwana kulandira jini, amene ali ofanana kuti selo kholo. Pa meiosis (mapangidwe maselo kugonana kwa anthu), mukachipinda alandira theka la DNA ndi - ndi lonse DNA aumbike pokhapokha pophatikizana ndi maselo kugonana zamoyo zina.

Komanso, phata la selo ndi udindo wina wa magawo chofunika kwambiri kagayidwe - kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni. Popeza kuti amapangidwa mu pachimake pa mfundo, kapena mtumiki RNA. Ndiye iye akupita mu reticulum endoplasmic, amamangiriridwa ribosome ndi akutumikira monga chitsanzo mapangidwe peputayidi molekyulu wa akuyambira kwa amino acid.

Ndipo ngati izo zanenedwa, mu maziko a kaphatikizidwe subunits ribosomal.

Cell phata: magwero

Pakali pano, pali zingapo malingaliro osiyana kwambiri, ndi zimene asayansi akuyesera kuti afotokoze mmene pakati unakhazikitsidwa mu selo. Koma, mwatsoka, palibe zinadziwika kuti zinthu sakupeza chitsimikiziro enieni.

Pali maganizo amenewa phata monga kapangidwe selo anapanga chifukwa cha kudalirana kwa maselo bakiteriya ndi archaea. Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti pachimake - chifukwa cha matenda a HIV selo yeniyeni.

Mafotokozedwe yonse lili otchedwa ekzomembrannaya kungoganizira. Malinga ndi iye, mu njira ya kusanduka muchipindachi panali wina wakunja khungu nembanemba. Pankhaniyi, wakale, nembanemba wamkati wakhala pakati chipolopolo - pa nthawi wapanga dongosolo zovuta, ndiyeno M'mimbamo ake anayamba kuganizira chromatin molekyulu.