Embryology ndi chiyani? Kuti amasanthula sayansi ya embryology?

Science Biology limaphatikizapo nkhani zosiyanasiyana wokondwa, chifukwa chilango zovuta kuphunzira zosiyanasiyana onse amoyo ndi kuphunzira zotsalira zazomera onse yaikulu kuti amatipatsa lathuli.

Lililonse sayansi, nayenso ali ndi gulu linalake la magawo polimbana ndi chigamulo cha vuto. Choncho zikuoneka kuti moyo lolamulidwa ndi zonse munthuyo kwa iwo, poyerekeza, kuphunzira ndi ntchito zofuna zawo.

Mmodzi wa maphunziro awa ndi embryology, amene ali ndi adzapitiriza izo.

Embryology - sayansi Tizilombo

Embryology ndi chiyani? Chomwe izo zimachita ndi zimene maphunziro? Embryology - sayansi kuti ikufotokoza mbali ya zamoyo kuyambira mapangidwe a zygote (ukala dzira) ndi mkombero moyo kubadwa. Kuti ndi dongosolo lonse kuphunzira chitukuko embryonic mwatsatanetsatane, kuyambira pogawanikana pamawere angapo maselo ukala (gastrula siteji) ndi asanabadwe thupi yotsirizidwa.

Chinthu ndi phunziro la

Chinthu sayansi ndi mazira (mazira) ya zinthu zotsatirazi:

1. Zomera.
2. Nyama.
3. Munthu.

Phunziro la kuphunzira embryology ndi njira zotsatirazi:

1. Cell magawano pambuyo umuna.
2. Mapangidwe atatu zigawo nyongolosi mu Ndisanaumbidwe m'tsogolo.
3. Education coelomic cavities.
4. Mapangidwe chosokonekera Ndisanaumbidwe m'tsogolo.
5. Maonekedwe a chipolopolo padziko wosabadwayo, kutenga mbali mu mapangidwe ake.
6. Akuluakulu maphunziro ndi kachitidwe kawo.

Ngati inu mukuyang'ana pa chinthu ndi phunziro la sayansi imeneyi, kumakhaladi zambiri momveka bwino embryology ndi chimene izo zimachita.

Zolinga

Cholinga chachikulu kuti amaika peredsoboy sayansi - kupereka mayankho a mafunso okhudza zikamera wa moyo padziko lathuli, kodi mapangidwe chamoyo multicellular, mmene malamulo a chilengedwe organic imvera njira zonse mapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha mwana wosabadwayo, komanso mfundo ziti ndipo momwe bwanji mapangidwe izi.

Kukwaniritsa cholinga cha sayansi embryology la ntchito zotsatirazi:

1. Kafukufuku mwatsatanetsatane njira progeneza (mapangidwe gametes chachimuna ndi chachikazi - oogenesis ndi spermatogenesis).
2. Kuphunzira njira za mapangidwe ndi zina zygote Ndisanaumbidwe mapangidwe mpaka nthawi zotsatira kunja (ndi kuswa ya mazira, mazira kapena kubadwa kwa kuwala).
3. Kuphunzira kayendedwe ka maselo zonse pa mlingo maselo, ntchito yapamwamba-kusamvana zida zamakono.
4. Kuona ndi kufanana kwa maselo zimagwirira mu njira yachibadwa ndi pathological kuti apeze zofunika mankhwala.

Kuthetsa vuto pamwamba ndi zolinga, sayansi ya embryology adzatha kusuntha anthu patsogolo kumvetsetsa za malamulo a chilengedwe cha dziko organic, komanso kupeza njira zothetsera mavuto ambiri mankhwala, makamaka okhudzana ndi osabereka kubereka.

Mbiri ya chitukuko

Development wa embryology sayansi, udzadutsa njira zovuta zaminga. Zonse zinayamba ndi asayansi otchuka awiri ndi nzeru ena a nthawi zonse - Aristotle ndi Hippocrates. Ndipo ndi pamaziko a embryology iwo ankatsutsa maganizo a wina ndi mzake.

Mwachitsanzo, Hippocrates anali wothandiza chiphunzitso, umene wakhalapo kwa nthawi yaitali, mpaka m'zaka XVII. Iwo ankatchedwa "preformation" ndi chofunikira ake ali motere. Chamoyo chilichonse wamoyo kukula kukula nthawi, koma kupanga mkati nyumba zatsopano ndi ziwalo. Chifukwa onse matupi ali kale mu mawonekedwe watha, koma zambiri yafupika, ali wamwamuna kapena wamkazi selo ubereki (kuno, olimbikitsa chiphunzitso si ndendende kumatanthauza pamaganizo awo: ena ankaganiza kuti zimenezi onse akazi, aamuna ena khola). Choncho zikuoneka kuti Ndisanaumbidwe limakula basi matupi wokonzeka kuwapeza bambo kapena mayi.

Komanso Gululi kenako chiphunzitso ichi chinali Sharl Bonne, Marcello Malpighi, ndi ena.

Aristotle M'malo mwake, anali mdani ndi chiphunzitso cha preformation ndi kutsatira chiphunzitso epigenetic. Mfundo yaikulu ya izo ndi izi: matupi onse ndi zinthu structural wa zamoyo anapanga mkati Ndisanaumbidwe pang'onopang'ono wamoyo, mchikakamizo cha mmene chilengedwe komanso chilengedwe mkati. Gululi chiphunzitso akhala akatswiri ambiri Kubadwa Kwatsopano, kutsogozedwa ndi Georges Buffon, Karlom Berom.

Kwenikweni embryology sayansi anatuluka mu m'ma XVIII. Basi ndiye panali mndandanda wa atulukira wanzeru, amene analola kuti tisanthule ziti ndiponso mwachidule nkhani anasonkhanitsa, ndi kuphatikiza mu chiphunzitso coherent.

1. 1759 K. Wolff limafotokoza kukhalapo ndi mapangidwe pa embryonic chitukuko cha zigawo nkhuku nyongolosi, amene kenako kungadzutse nyumba ndi matupi atsopano.
2. 1827 Carl Baer amatsegula nyama dzira. Iye lofalitsidwa ntchito yake, limene limafotokoza mapangidwe mwapang'onopang'ono zigawo nyongolosi, ndi maulamuliro ndi mu njira ya chitukuko cha mbalame.
3. Carl Baer limasonyeza kufanana mu dongosolo embryonic wa mbalame, nyama zokwawa zam'madzi zimene zimathandiza naye kuti ajambule mapeto za umodzi wa magwero a mitundu, komanso chimatanthauza ufulu wawo (Baer): chitukuko cha zamoyo lachokera ku ambiri kuti imeneyo. Ndiko kuti, poyamba nyumba onse ndi zomwezo, mosaganizira mtundu, mtundu kapena kalasi. Ndipo okha ndi kupita kwa nthawi pali specializations munthu aliyense cholengedwa.

Pambuyo apezazi ndi mafotokozedwe a chilango wayamba apeze patsogolo pa chitukuko. Anapanga embryology peresenti ya ndipo nyama zonse zopanda mafupa nyama, zomera ndi anthu.

embryology zamakono

Pa gawo lino la chitukuko ntchito yaikulu ya embryology amaona awulule akamanena za njira selo zosiyanasiyana mu zamoyo multicellular, kuwulula zinthu zotsatira za reagents osiyanasiyana pa chitukuko cha mwana wosabadwayo lapansi. Komanso chidwi kwambiri linaperekedwa kwa kuphunzira njira za zinthu pathological mvetsetsa awo pa chitukuko cha mwana wosabadwayo lapansi.

Zipambano za sayansi yamakono, kuwapangitsa kwambiri kuulula nkhani ya embryology chimene, ali motere:

1. DP Filatov anazindikira njira ya chikoka tonse nyumba ma wina ndi mnzake mu njira ya chitukuko embryonic, embryology deta okhudzana ndi nkhani ongolankhula cha chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko.
2. Severtsev anayamba chiphunzitso cha recapitulation, chofunika kwambiri ndicho ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny.
3. P. P. Ivanov analenga chiphunzitso cha zigawo larval thupi nyama protostomes.
4. Svetlov formulates kamba pounikira zovuta kwambiri, mphindi kuweruza embryogenesis.

Mu embryology lamakono sasiya ndipo akupitiriza kufufuza ndi kupeza dongosolo latsopano ndi njira ya zapansi selo cytogenetic.

Kulankhulana ndi maphunziro ena a sayansi

Maziko a Embryology yogwirizana ndi maphunziro ena a sayansi. Ndipotu yekha ntchito Integrated deta ongolankhula wa anagwirizana amalanga onse limakupatsani zotsatira zofunika ndi kupanga mfundo zofunika.

Ndi sayansi zotsatirazi yogwirizana embryology:

• histology;
• cytology;
• chibadwa;
• sayansi;
• maselo zamoyo;
• thunthu;
• Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa;
• mankhwala.

Izi Embryology maziko zofunika kwa sayansi izi, ndipo mosemphanitsa. Kuti ndi awiri, njira zolankhulirana, mangawawo.

Ndime gulu embryology

Embryology - sayansi kuti amaphunzira osati mapangidwe wosabadwayo, komanso Bookmark onse a nyumba yake ndi mawonekedwe ake m'mbuyomu chiyambi cha maselo nyongolosi. Komanso kuchuluka kwa phunziro ake m'gulu, ndi zinthu physico-mankhwala okhudza mwana wosabadwayo. Choncho, ndi mkulu ongolankhula buku la zinthu analola kupanga zigawo zingapo za sayansi iyi:

1. General embryology.
2. Experimental.
3. Kuyerekezera.
4. Environmental.
5. Kakulidwe akatswiri.

Njira kuphunzira sayansi

Mu embryology, monga mwa sayansi ena, ali njira yake kuphunzira nkhani zosiyanasiyana.

1. Wamamamayikirosikopu (pakompyuta, kuwala).
2. wachikuda nyumba njira.
3. Intravital polojekiti (kutsatira kayendedwe morphogenetic).
4. Ntchito histochemistry.
5. Chiyambi cha radioisotopes.
6. njira amuzolengedwa.
7. Mbali kung'ambika wa mwana wosabadwayo ndi.

Kuphunzira Ndisanaumbidwe anthu

embryology anthu ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo zofunika kwambiri kuti sayansi imeneyi, chifukwa zikomo kwa anthu ambiri zotsatira za kafukufuku wake angathetse matenda ambiri.

Kodi kwenikweni kuphunzira chilango?

1. Fezi-phata mapangidwe ndondomeko ya munthu, womwenso magawo angapo chachikulu - onongani, gastrulation, histogenesis ndi organogenesis.
2. Mapangidwe pathologies osiyanasiyana pa embryogenesis ndi zinthu zawo.
3. Mmene zinthu thupi ndi mankhwala pa Ndisanaumbidwe anthu.
4. Kutheka kulenga zinthu yokumba kwa nucleation ndi oyamba wothandizila mankhwala kusunga zochita kwa iwo.

kufunika kwa sayansi

Embryology amapereka mwayi wophunzira zinkachitika m'nthawi ya mapangidwe mazira, monga:

• mawu a matupi maphunziro ndi machitidwe awo a zigawo nyongolosi;
• mphindi yovuta kwambiri kwa ontogeny wa mwana wosabadwayo ndi;
• zimene zimakhudza mapangidwe awo ndi momwe angathetsere vutolo zofunika kwa munthu.

kufufuza molumikizana ndi kafukufuku sayansi zina amalola anthu kuthetsa mavuto ofunika a dongosolo mankhwala ndi Chowona Zanyama konsekonse.

Udindo wa kulanga anthu

Kodi embryology aumunthu? Kodi iye akumupatsa iye? N'chifukwa chiyani muyenera chitukuko ake ndi kuphunzira?

Choyamba, embryology maphunziro ndi amatilola kuthetsa mavuto yamakono ya umuna ndi mapangidwe mtima. Lero, chotero ife anayamba njira yokumba insemination, surrogacy, ndi zina zotero.

Kachiwiri, njira embryology kulola kulosera anomalies zonse zotheka wa mwana wosabadwayo ndi kuwaletsa.

Chachitatu, embryologists akhoza kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu pa zimene zodzitetezera kuti padera ndi mimba ectopic, ndi kudziletsa pa mimba.

Si onse ubwino takambirana chilango kwa anthu. Ndi sayansi mofulumira osauka, tsogolo lawo zili mkudza.