Chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko. chitukuko kuchokera kalekale mpaka lero

Zasokoneza - Uwerenge malingaliro zonse za malamulo, ndi njira za kusintha zikuchitika mu chikhalidwe organic. Malinga ndi iye, zonse zilipo mu nthawi ino, mitundu ya zinthu wotsikayo kuchokera awo "abale" lakutali kusintha zinthu kwamuyaya. Iwo kusanthula njira imene pali chitukuko cha zamoyo munthu (ontogeny), imaunika chitukuko cha magulu coherent ya zinthu (phylogeny) ndipo anatengera awo.

chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko inayambira Kale, kumene naturalists, nzeru ena a Greece ndi Rome (Aristotle, Democritus, Anaxagoras ...) analongosola mfundo zawo za chitukuko ndi kusintha kwa zamoyo. Komabe, maganizo amenewa si zochokera kwa sayansi ndipo anali khalidwe mwangwiro yopeka. Mu Middle Ages mu chitukuko cha chiphunzitso ndi mfundo imeneyi anali patsogolo. Ichi chinali chifukwa cha ulamuliro chiphunzitso cha chipembedzo ndi scholasticism. Choncho, dziko la Chikhristu kwa nthawi yaitali ndinali kutsogolera creationist maganizo. Ngakhale izi, akatswiri ena anenapo maganizo awo okhudza kukhalapo kwa mizukwa, umboni ndi anapezazo anali mafupawa.

Mu ndondomeko ya kudzikundikira mfundo m'zaka za m'ma 18, latsopano azimuth - transformism zimene tinaphunzira masiyanidwe a mitundu. Nthumwi za ziphunzitso anali masikolala monga J. Byuffoni, E. Darwin, E. Geoffroy Saint-Ilervo. malingaliro awo zamoyo zinachita monga umboni bwinobwino awiri: kuli mitundu Transitional wa interspecific kufanana kwa kapangidwe ka nyama ndi zomera kuti tiri mu gulu lomwelo. Komabe, palibe Chiwerengerochi sindinayankhule za zifukwa za kusintha.

Izo zinali kokha mu 1809 panali chiphunzitso zinachokera Lamarck, amene anali Izi zinasonyeza m'buku lakuti "Philosophy wa Zoology". Apa funso zimayambitsa kusintha mitundu anali woyamba kuwukitsidwa. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti chifukwa cha kagwiridwe ndi kusintha nokha mitundu. Komanso walowa panopa mmene anawasiyanitsira, i.e. kusintha kwa m'munsi apamwamba. Izi chitukuko zamoyo zinachita malinga Lamarck, chibadidwe onse amoyo ndi wochokera chilakolako ku ungwiro.

Kuyangana zachilengedwe kwachititsa iye makonzedwe zikuluzikulu ziwiri zomwe zikugwirizananso ndi chilamulo "neuprazhneniya -. Zolimbitsa" Malinga ndi izo, matupi amakonzedwa pamene ntchito, ndiye kumapita "cholowa yabwino katundu", i.e., Zizindikiro yabwino munaupereka ku mibadwomibadwo m'tsogolo, kapena chitukuko chikupitirira, kapena kutha. Komabe, ntchito Lamarck sichinali akukonda dziko sayansi, sanabadwe anatulutsa buku Darwin "Pa Origin of Species." Popeza mu mfundo ake mu zamoyo zinachita kusanduka mwaisandutsa wotchuka kwambiri. Komabe, wasayansi anali wothandiza wa heritability makhalidwe zinazake. Komabe, pali nkhondo anali ndi yaikulu kwambiri moti onse chinathandiza chitsitsimutso cha Lamarckism Lamarckism.

Chabe nthawi yambiri, kafukufuku akatswiri zinachititsa kuti zimene anaonekera chiphunzitso kupanga chirengedwe. (Iye). Ilibe tsiku bwino chiyambi ndiponso wolemba ndipo ndi ntchito gulu la asayansi. Ngakhale kuti olemba zambiri kusiyana maganizo, zinthu zina za si chipeneko: ndi maziko unit wa kusanduka ukufanizidwa ndi anthu akuderalo; zakuthupi chitukuko zamoyo zinachita ndi recombination ndi kusintha masiyanidwe; chifukwa chachikulu kukula kwa zimasintha ndi masoka kusankha; Zizindikiro ndale anapanga chifukwa kulowerera majini ndi chakudyacho ena.

Panopa ambiri asayansi ntchito mawu akuti "zamoyo zinachita chiphunzitso amakono." Izo sikutanthauza mfundo zimene zamoyo nthawi yomweyo kupambana waukulu ndi zimene kusintha saltatsionnye taphunzira ndi pang'onopang'ono.