Khokhloma - ndichiyani? Khokhloma: zithunzi, moyo, chithunzi

Khokhloma - ndichiyani? Choyamba, ndi wakale Russian wowerengeka luso. Khokhloma kupenta, Golden Khokhloma, ndi stratum lalikulu la chikhalidwe Russian. Chizindikiro utoto kalembedwe "Khokhloma" ndi moto Firebird, ndi lowoneka bwino chikhalidwe. Likulu la nsomba - mzinda Semenov, yomwe ili kumpoto kwa Nizhny Novgorod. Mosiyana ndi kupanga Gzhelian luso, zomwe zimabweretsa pamodzi 27 m'matauni ndi m'midzi mu "chitsamba" Khokhloma anali anaikira mu malo amodzi. Choncho, chitukuko anapitiriza motalika kokwanira. Luso chigawo nsomba analinso wofunika amisiri aluso sizichitika kawirikawiri, ndiponso maphunziro zimenezi sizinali.

Mbiri ya Golden Khokhloma

Art luso Khokhloma inayambira m'ma 17 mochedwa, pa maluwa mofulumira chithunzi kupenta. Pamudzi nthawi Novgorod zikugwera Old Okhulupirira, amene sanafune kuvomereza kusintha mpingo wa mabishopu, Nikon, chinachitikira ndi zikamera wa njira yatsopano mafano gilding. Ndi m'dera Nizhny Novgorod, m'midzi aphunzira kujambula zithunzi golide, koma popanda kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo wapatali. Matabwa malipilo zithunzi n'kuwaza yosenda siliva fumbi, ndiyeno TACHIMATA ndi mafuta linseed ndipo anaikidwa ng'anjo. Silver ❖ kuyanika mozizwitsa kukhala lonyezimira golide. pa nthawi imeneyo luso sanalembe njira zina kuti atsogolere ndondomekoyi, zonse zikuchitika pamanja. Ena ojambula zithunzi mwanjira kusintha kuyambitsa zida zosavuta kuthandiza, koma ambiri, Khokhloma kupenta kwathunthu anaonetsetsa okha ndi ntchito yamanja. Ntchito yaikulu ya ulimi anali kutembenukira omwe amafunika ziyeneretso yeniyeni. The akusowekapo ndi machined ambuye, primed ndi kuwatentha ena, ndi ena utoto. Koma Mulimonsemo, khama migwirizano pakati zinali zabwino, ndi kupanga zambiri.

Zikamera wa luso mkulu

Choncho pa Volga panali golide-zolochedwa Khokhloma. Kuchokera zithunzi mwamsanga kugwiritsa ntchito yopanga tableware ndi mtengo yokutidwa ndi chitsanzo golide. Silver sikunali kokwanira, ndipo m'malo ndi malata. manambalawo anali zawonjezeka M'malo mwake, kujambula anapeza wolemekezeka Mat ndipo pambuyo kupukuta utoto inayamba kuwala ngati dzuwa. Semenov ojambula zithunzi asonkhana pamodzi wogwilizana ndi, kujambula "Khokhloma" chakhala odziwika kupitirira malire a chigawo Nizhny Novgorod. Akutiakuti anabwera amalonda, analamula ambuye utoto ziwiya matabwa maphwando akulu, ndi nsomba anayamba mofulumira.

Poyamba chosema kuchokera linden ndi kujambula Khokhloma dongosolo spoons ndi ladles. ana oyamikira ngakhale anamangapo chipilala kuti Semyon-Lozhkarev monga msonkho kwa ambuye ndi ojambula zithunzi za nthawi. Amisiri ntchito mwakhama, Nizhny Novgorod mbale litapita ndi bwinobwino anagulitsa wankulu msika malo Macarius, wotchuka kwambiri Russian chilungamo. Ndalama mbale Moscow. Mu likulu Russian, pamene zonse anapezeka ndi nthumwi yachilendo wa kalasi wamalonda a ku Germany, franzuzy England. Nthawi yomweyo anaona zachilendo mankhwala Khokhloma.

Khokhloma - ndichiyani ku maganizo a anthu padziko lonse?

Cha m'ma 19 m'ma Khokhloma kupenta pa mbale, mipando ndi zovala anadzatchedwa kunja. World Exhibition ku Paris, umene unachitika mu 1889, kunapangitsa njira Golden Khokhloma lonse. Khokhloma kupenta anapita pa katundu wa mtsinje lonse. Misika ku Ulaya, Asia Southeast, India, China, ndipo kenako North America ankagulitsa zinthu zamanja Russian wowerengeka.

Mkulu kufunika kwa mankhwala kupitirira ambuye Volga anakhala nzothandiza makamaka pofuna kukwaniritsa Golden Khokhloma. kupanga osiyanasiyana anadzuka nthawi zambiri, kuwonjezera spoons anapanga mbale ndi mbale, migolo, Krynki kwa zonunkhira, Odzigwedeza mchere, postavtsa zosiyanasiyana, magalasi ndi mugs. Kwambiri makamaka mu West, otchedwa Bratina - ziwiya za kukhitchini yaikulu mu mawonekedwe a ngalawa ndi zidebe khumi. Dzinali odziwikiratu, ziwiya izi anafuna phwando fraternal. Chikondwerero lathu nthawi zonse limodzi mankhwala Khokhloma. Ndipo sizidzatha gwero la nkhani ndi mitu kwa iwo - ndi lonse la Russia. Khokhloma yogwirizana ndi gwero kwambiri, ndi mbiri yake.

Zakudya osati

Kuwonjezera cookware, magulu lalikulu kutulutsa katundu wa m'nyumba: mabokosi, mabokosi wopera, ang'ono mipando zinthu, attics, zolengedwa, matebulo ndi mabenchi. Golden Khokhloma akhoza kuitanitsa, ndi ofunika kwambiri zodula, koma mtengo sichikunditsutsa aliyense. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana 19 Khokhloma kukhala zodula, chifukwa kupangidwa kwambiri zovuta. Panali mapangidwe zamaluwa, amene anapitilira kwa miyambo ya makolo, koma pa nthawi yomweyo anali ndi wapadera zachilengedwe luso kalembedwe kulemba, amene losiyana Khokhloma. Zithunzi anatengedwa mu masiku amenewo ojambula zithunzi, okonda chithunzichi ndipo zithunzi kuthandiza chitukuko cha mumaganiza latsopano luso Khokhloma kupenta.

mankhwala Khokhloma kwambiri yowonjezera awo kale utoto mwa unsembe wa "Kudrin" ndi masamba golide ndi maluwa kalembedwe chithunzi cha headscarf wamkazi, pamene chokongoletsera wapangidwa ndi zidutswa zingapo kuti kuphatikiza mu chifanizo chimodzi. Mmodzi wa kanjedza kwambiri akulemekezedwa Kokhloma anali "therere," ndipo mu zoyambirira za m'ma 20, aluso analenga "Hohloma chokongoletsera". Choncho kalembedwe tingachipeze powerenga. The mitundu chitsanzo motero zina kusokoneza, ndi zikwapu kukhala wowonda, ndi chiwembu anapeza zizindikiro ndithu. Art kalembedwe amatchedwa "Khokhloma", zithunzi ndi zina zachidule chimene chikutsimikizira chitukuko anapitiriza. Pa nthawi yomweyo chapakati Russia anayamba kuoneka mitundu ya luso, ngati Khokhloma kupenta, Fedoskino ankapenta ndi Zhostov trays. pang'ono Patatha udachita Gzhel mafakitale kwa yopanga tableware ceramic, umene posachedwapa anakhala monga otchuka monga Khokhloma nkhuni. Russian zamanja luso apanga bwinobwino, Gzhel, Khokhloma, Zhostovo, Fedoskino - uwu si mndandanda wa ntchito zamanja kuti angayerekezedwe ndi luso mkulu.

zida

Khokhloma luso - izo si njira zovuta zimene zimaphatikizapo subtleties ambiri luso. Si kuipenta mankhwala yolondola - mawonekedwe ake ndi magawo komanso kukhala wangwiro. Ngati mbuye anaganiza nkhuni mu mawonekedwe a tsekwe Bratina ndi kujambula izo mu kalembedwe wa golide Khokhloma, kwenikweni analandira mawonekedwe ayenera kubwereza kukongola onse a mbalame mfulu, ndipo khosi lake ayenera kukhala "tsekwe" unakhota, zomwe timaona m'chilengedwe.

Khokhloma - ndichiyani ku mfundo luso bwanji? Malinga ndi ulamuliro kudalirika kwa mankhwala, kugwilizana ake ndi malamulo ena a msinkhu kwambiri, akatswiri a JSC "Khokhloma Painting" anabweretsa khalidwe kupanga chilinganizo ake, amene anapanga maziko kupanga mankhwala Kokhloma. Choncho, njira zonse kampani si nkhani zofunika za msika, zolimbikitsa kuŵeta, ndi malamulo a chilengedwe luso, makasitomala olaula, ndi kukoma. Izi malangizo mfundo kale zotsatira zake, malangizo anabwera osati ku masitolo kachikumbutso ndi tambirimbiri wotchuka luso ndi salons.

The ndondomeko ya kupanga zinthu luso Khokhloma kalembedwe - ndi zovuta ndondomeko unyolo. Wood ntchito macheka yekha, ndi zokonda anapatsidwa linden, onse wachifundo ndi chuma ambiri ductile. Zofunika akudutsa zachilengedwe kuyanika sitepe panja kwa chaka chimodzi, kenako zipika pa Comley pachimake akusowekapo, amene pambuyo-choumitsira kwa miyezi zina zitatu. Kenako, nkhuni kale oyenera Machining pa lathes. zidutswa asankhidwa ndi kupanga zidole, Miphika lalikulu ndi machined ku zitunda olimba. Pakuti spoons ndi ladles abwino matabwa sapwood gawo, ndi mwachilungamo mosavuta kudula ndi kuti pasakhale ming'alu.

Chosema ndi kudula akusowekapo amatchedwa "nsalu" pamaso kujambula "kabudula" nafota kachiwiri pa kutentha pafupifupi 100 madigiri. Kenako, nkhani ndi primed ndi olemedwa kachiwiri mu uvuni pa madigiri 120. Ndiye workpiece ndi nthaka, imawazidwa ndi maenje pa shpaklyuyut pamwamba ndi TACHIMATA ndi wosanjikiza zonyalazo varnish. Atatsala pang'ono wathunthu kuyanika preform TACHIMATA zotayidwa ufa ndi triturated kotero kuti padziko lonse uniformly TACHIMATA. Komanso, siliva frosted makapu, spoons, saucers, Miphika ndi mbale kubwera kwa aluso kwa kumaliza - Khokhloma luso kupenta.

Pambuyo penti mankhwala katatu lacquered ndi Kutentha wapakatikati digiri 130. Pankhaniyi, ❖ kuyanika aluminiyamu amapeza chagolide hue, mankhwala ndi wokonzeka CD ndi kutumiza.

mitundu ya kupenta

M'zaka za m'ma 18 Khokhloma kupenta pachimake, kusowa kwa mankhwala luso onse kuchuluka, ndipo Nizhny Novgorod ambuye pamene kale pamwamba pa luso lake. Zinali ndiye, ndipo apanga mitundu iwiri yaikulu ya penti Golden Khokhloma - "kavalo" ndipo "maziko".

Khokhloma, dongosolo amene utoto mwa unsembe wa "Hatchi" kupenta, ndi zojambula kwa munda golide, anaphedwa mitundu wakuda ndi wofiira. chithunzicho atamukoka chabwino mauna chitsanzo cha mkwapulo, kutsatira wina wa masitayilo zotsatirazi:

• "Gingerbread" - fano stylized dzuwa, unazunguliridwa mu mawonekedwe zojambula, lalikulu, diamondi kapena bwalo odulidwa. njira poyamba pamaso ophweka, koma kwa bwalo dzuwa, anapangidwa ndi mapini-ray tione sanali kugwetsera, kotero organically pamodzi ndi chimango nyale lalikulu ozungulira.
• "Travnik" - mankhwala chokongoletsera, chitsanzo kapena m'mphepete mwa nyanja sedge dambo udzu.
• "Leaf, mabulosi" - utoto kwambiri masamba ndi zipatso, maluwa ndi zimayambira, intricately kotheratu ndi mzake.

Mosiyana ndi "kavalo", Khokhloma, lomwe dongosolo waikamo golide pa maziko a ofiira kapena wakuda, ankaona "maziko." The chidwi kwambiri zosiyanasiyana zojambula pa maziko ndi "Kudrin" imene ili fano stylized masamba ndi maluwa. Mobwerezabwereza Kudrevatov mapini, osatembenukira ku dongosolo zosamvetsetseka, maluwa, masamba, ndi mitundu yonse ya zipatso, munda ndi nkhalango. mudzipatsana kujambula chidwi ntchito lonse kuyandikira mizere mizere, n'kopindulitsa pofuna kusiyanitsa mbali payekha.

Catalogs

Kuyambira cha m'ma 20th Century anayamba dongosolo Khokhloma kupenta tinkawasindikiza akalozera ndi toyesa chidwi kwambiri, ndi bwino anapatsidwa satifiketi. Ntchito aluso mbuye mu kalembedwe "Khokhloma", zithunzi ndi zojambula zomwe zinatuluka womkanikizawo, anakhala ophunzira kupikisana zosiyanasiyana ndi zisudzo. Olemba ndinu mankhwala analandira mphatso ndi mphoto kwa zilandiridwenso. Pa ziwonetsero ngati aliyense kugula mankhwala opangidwa mu kalembedwe luso amatchedwa "Khokhloma". Photo chifukwa chokumbukira ndi Mlengi mfiti zimapangitsa yomweyo. Kwa nthawi yaitali pambuyo pake wokongola lacquered chinthu zokondweretsa mbuye wake.

Khokhloma maso a mwana

Kindergartens, minda nazale ndipo ngakhale mu nthawi Soviet, analandira mipando, wopangidwa kalembedwe Khokhloma kupenta. Ndipo ngakhale kalembedwe imeneyi luso wakhala ankaona "wamkulu" ana asangalale ndi gome lirilonse, penti ndi chithunzicho. Inde, sanali dzanja zopangidwa, mankhwala anali utoto mipando fakitale, ndi chophimba yosindikiza. Koma kuganiza za mkulu luso Khokhloma kupenta analipo, ndipo anasangalala ana. Pamodzi ndi ana makolo osangalala. Choncho, ana Khokhloma kunalibe kwambiri kuposa "wamkulu".

Mutu essays sukulu

mapulogalamu maphunziro zosiyanasiyana. Khokhloma - ndichiyani ndi mphunzitsi mfundo bwanji? M'masukulu a Moscow ndi dera Moscow, komanso m'mizinda ina Russian mu pulogalamuyi masewero pa mutu wa luso Russian wowerengeka ndi ntchito zamanja, kumene malo oyamba ndi luso Khokhloma kupenta. Mbiri yake yaitali ndi dziko wotchuka athe ophunzira kuti afotokoze maganizo awo, kunena pa pepala ndi kupeza kafukufuku wa. Kungakhale nkhani lonse pa mutu kapena yochepa nkhani. Khokhloma monga luso akupitiriza kuti akule bwino ndi woyenera akuluakulu chidwi sukulu. Koma wamba, nawonso nawo mu kutsutsana ndi.

Khokhloma mu nyimbo mtundu wanyimbo

Zojambulidwa bwino kawirikawiri pamodzi ndi magulu ena a zilandiridwenso. Art Khokhloma kupenta yotero. Nyimbo "Khokhloma" yaitali anapambana kutchuka. Woimba ake akuchita oimba, makwaya oimba payekha. Wokongola nyimbo, chimene moyo ndakatulo kwambiri, olembedwa pa mtima. Pa Eurovision Song "Khokhloma" si malo a ulemu.