Russian wowerengeka luso. An wakale Russian wowerengeka luso. Ku Tirhana na Timatheriyali

Russian wowerengeka luso Chili wosanjikiza yaikulu ya chikhalidwe. The peculiarity wa dziko lathu komanso chakuti pafupifupi kulikonse izo, m'chigawo kapena yoyenda yokha dera ali mtundu yakeyake needlework. Iwo akhoza utoto zosiyanasiyana, mbiya ndi zidole, zingwe, mitanda ndi zina zambiri.

kupenta

Russia kalekale wotchuka lonse ojambula zithunzi dziko. Pantchito imeneyi anachita ambuye wathu, satha kuganizira aliyense wojambula lina ku Ulaya. Patapita nthawi, ngakhale ena anayamba m'madera ndi sukulu kupitiriza mwambo wa anthu athu.

Lembani mitundu yonse ndi maluso a kupenta mu Russia ndi sizingatheke. Pali ambiri ndipo aliyense wanyamula m'dera ena, komanso chikhalidwe. Wotchuka kwambiri Russian luso wowerengeka ndi ntchito zamanja, izi:

• Gzhel. Izi dongosolo buluu pa zadothi zoyera padziko lonse CIS ndi kunja. Poyamba tableware kuchokera wapadera dothi loyera ntchito zofuna zake. Pa nthawi, yafalikira mu Russia, mpaka anayamba ntchito "zosowa mankhwala." Chitsanzo choyambirira ndi losaiwalika pa mbale woyera unaonekera patapita nthawi yaitali - mu m'ma XIX.
• zamanja Luso - Khokhloma. Ichi ndi wina mwa zizindikiro odziwika wa Russia. Izi maganizo kwa pafupifupi zaka 400. Iwo anatuluka mu Nizhny Novgorod. The peculiarity wa chithunzi ndi mtengo kapena mphika zosonyeza zosiyanasiyana zipatso, maluwa, mbalame ndi nyama. Iwo amagwiritsa makamaka ofiira ndi wakuda inki pa maziko golide. Nthawi zina ntchito wobiriwira ndi chikasu.
• Gorodets kupenta. The nsomba ndi wapadera chifukwa chakuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mtengo poyamba ntchito luso lake: imodzi, mdima ena. Mu zamkati wapadera anaikapo cutout mbali ndi akulandira chithunzi chenicheni. Kenako anayamba ntchito kulocha. Vuto chithunzi cha mbali yaikulu - kavalo wokongola ndi khosi lotambasula.

Kupatula njira izi, amene ntchito zamanja ndi handicrafts, pali yaikulu ya zojambula kuti onse Russia amanyadira za lero. Iwo ndi chizindikiro cha dziko lathu ndi nkhani ya kunyada kwake. Iwo Zhostovo ndi Mezen kupenta, Fedoskino ndi Palekh ankapenta , ndi zina zambiri.

mbiya

Amadziwika kuti Russia wakale anali ambiri amangokhala mwakhama anthu. Tsiku ndi tsiku mwakhama ntchito zosiyanasiyana mbiya. Choncho, wotchuka m'masiku amenewo anali Russian wowerengeka luso - mbiya.

anthu ochepa mukudziwa kuti poyamba ichi chidachitika yekha ndi akazi. Izo zinali kokha kwambiri kenako kuti zinthu izi anatitumiza kwathunthu m'manja amphamvu a anthu.

Monga ulamuliro, iwo anayamba malonda a m'madera a kudzikundikira zachilengedwe dongo. Monga ulamuliro, zinapangidwa pafupi midzi ndi midzi. Zinsinsi mbiya wadutsa kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo.

Kuzigawo wotchuka mu Russia, amene anatchuka chifukwa amisiri ake, anapangidwa mbiya zodabwitsa anakhala Novgorod, Smolensk, Ryazan, Gzhel, Vologda ndi ena ambiri. Childs, awa ndiwo malo amene ali pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi nyanja.

Dongo izo zinapangidwa ziwiya osati. Ponseponse zosiyanasiyana zidole, mafano, malikhweru, miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi kunyumba zipangizo. A chitsanzo chapadera - zamanja Gzhel. Poyamba umatulutsa zosiyanasiyana ceramic tableware. Tsopano aliyense Russian ogulitsi mungapeze chidutswa cha mbiya ndi kampani wapadera chitsanzo buluu.

M'dera Nizhny Novgorod a mbiya anayambitsa m'zaka za m'ma XVI. Imodzi mwa mfundo zake zinali Bogorodskoye. Mpaka pano, pali chikondwerero cha ambuye ndi mafani wa luso izi.

M'chigawo chapakati cha Russia wakhala wotchuka kwambiri ndipo ntchito matailosi dongo. art zinkafuna luso lapadera ndiponso kupirira. Clay obnalichnikami amakongoletsa nyumba ya boyars olemera, komanso mipingo yambiri aang'ono.

Kuluka ndi zingwe

Izi ndi pafupi zofanana kwa Russian luso chikhalidwe, ngati kupenta kapena kusema. Komabe, izi wakale Russian wowerengeka luso anagwira ntchito zamatsenga. Ndipotu, zovala Asilavo - si njira kuti adziteteze ku nyengo yozizira ndi zoipa, komanso njira yabwino kamodzinso kupewa choipa chilichonse diso, kuwonongeka kapena matenda.

N'chifukwa chake chitsanzo pa nkhani ya ambuye Russian n'kofunika kwambiri. Kwa zaka zambiri wakhala pafupifupi sichinasinthe. Pa nthawi yomweyo ndi khadi malonda a mtundu uliwonse, tikukhala mu gawo la Russia. Iwo kuwonjezekeredwa zokhudza chitukuko, zochitika kofunika ndi otchuka.

The odziwika ndi handicrafts amenewa:

• Akutsutsa banja mfumu. Mu Middle Ages, luso limeneli anali kwambiri ndiponso nthawi zambiri m'nyumba za boyars olemera ndi akalonga ankatha kuona ambassadorial yopeta nsalu za patebulo, ndipo anatengera nsalu Special nsalu nsalu. The ambuye wotchuka anagula Kadashevskaya Pamudzi ndi Khamovniki Moscow dera. Komanso ofunika mankhwala Cherkasovo Breytovo Yaroslavl dera.
• Downy shawls. mankhwala, monga matryoshka kapena Khokhloma, ndi chizindikiro cha Russia. Kutchuka aakulu amene amadza Orenburg downy shawls. Kwa nthawi yoyamba iwo anadziwika kuyambira pa chiyambi cha m'ma XVIII. Amachita wa nkhosa zofewa ndi ofunda mbuzi ndi silika, thonje ndi yarns zina, unatenga maziko. Imatchedwanso theka mapeyala ndi ubweya Pavlovsky Posad shawls kusindikizidwa.
• Zingwe. Kwa nthawi yoyamba imeneyi luso wowerengeka anakhala ambiri m'zaka XVII. zingwe wapangidwa ndi dzanja ntchito matabwa ndodo-bobbins. Choncho iwo ndi mphako filaments wapadera. Ndi kupyolera timitengo izi ambuye yokhotakhota chito ankafuna. malo Aaborijini a zingwe mu Russia anali Vologda, chigawo Mikhailovsky mu Ryazan, m'dera Soviet m'dera Kirov ndi chigawo Yelets mu dera Makhachkala.

Ngati ambiri zamanja Russian wowerengeka, kuluka ndi zingwe mu nyengo ya Soviet ndipo lero pafupifupi woterewu. Iwo akhala ojambula zithunzi ochepa kwambiri amene akhoza kwathunthu recreate njira zosiyanasiyana za miyambo yakale.

Blacksmithing

Russia nthawizonse wakhala wotchuka chifukwa anthu amphamvu ndi athanzi. No blacksmithing zodabwitsa ndi limodzi mwa wolemekezeka kwambiri ulemu luso makolo athu. Ndi izi anthu amphamvu ndi Hardy anali nthano epics analemba kuti kunyada kwa mtundu ndi ngwazi ake.

Iron wakhala kuyambira makolo athu mwachindunji - ndi Asilavo. Ndipo kale m'zaka za m'ma XI, ndi Russian wowerengeka luso kwambiri ofala. Ngakhale ukulu yaikulu inali chabe pafupi ndi miyala ya miyala ndi dongo.

Kawirikawiri, blacksmiths yekha kukolola ndi kukonzedwa zitsulo. Mu nkhani iyi, njira ya kulipira sinasinthe kwambiri m'kupita mpaka m'ma XIX. Choyamba, chidutswa cha chitsulo analimbikitsa ntchito safanana, ndiyeno ntchito nyundo ting'onoting'ono basi zitsulo ndi slag lonse kuchotsedwa.

Akatswiri zinalengedwa malupanga osati. Iwo anawapatsa anthu maloko ndi mafungulo, nkhwangwa ndi mipeni, misomali ndi masingano, boilers, miyeso ndi zina zambiri.

Madera aakulu a blacksmithing mu mzinda Russian wa Zlatoust zitsulo, amene ofunika ulemu ndi mafumu athu, monga likulu la zankhondo, m'ndende Pavlovsky, Siberia, mzinda wa Belev ndi ena ambiri. Iimenno malo awa anapanga wosula wotchuka ndi kwanthawizonse m'gulu mu zamanja Russian wowerengeka.

Woodcarving ndi mafupa

Wina wakale, koma osati kwathunthu aiwala luso. anthu athu onse ndi tanthauzo wopatulika. Ngakhale zinthu wamba a ntchito makolo tsiku anayesa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zapadera. Ndi zimenezi ndipo panali zosiyanasiyana zamanja wowerengeka ofunsira. Makamaka amtengo mankhwala yopangidwa ndi zisulo chachilengedwe: mwala, fupa kapena mtengo.

Komanso anachita zinthu zosiyanasiyana zapakhomo zamanja luso ndi zina zotero. Mothandizidwa ndi ulusi kukometsera pamakoma a nyumba, zimapangitsa ziboliboli ndi zina zotero D..

kutchuka Special ali zamanja amenewa:

• Shemogodskaya ngalande Elm. luso limeneli lili ndi chiyambi chake m'dera Vologda. Elm, ngakhale fragility dzikoli likuonekera, olimba kwambiri zakuthupi. Vologda ambuye kupanga madengu zosiyanasiyana, mbiya, mitanga, zodzikongoletsera ngakhale nsapato ndi zovala. The peculiarity wa mankhwala amenewa ndi chitsanzo miyambo zapiringizana zachilengedwe zamaluwa chokongoletsera, masamba ndi zipatso, maluwa ndi zimayambira.
• Varnavinsky fupa kusema. Izi ndi luso Nizhny Novgorod wowerengeka luso ambuye. nkhani zachokera wapadera nyumba zokongoletsa, anaphedwa nkhuni. The peculiarity wa mankhwala amenewa kupambana mtheradi ndi payekha. Ndipotu, chidutswa chirichonse imagwiridwa pamanja, popanda zidindo aliyense ndi masitampu.
• Abramtsevo-Kudrino ulusi. Izi zapadera luso lojambula ankagwira m'zaka za m'ma XIX. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi imapangitsa ndowa, mbale, Miphika ndi mabokosi, komanso zinthu zimene ndi zinthu kunyumba zokongoletsa. The peculiarity wa mankhwala amenewa ndi kuchuluka kwa zosiyanasiyana mapini, rosettes, nthambi, toning ndi kupukuta nkhuni.

Kuwonjezera zamanja awa, Russia ndi ambuye olemera kuti imeneyi si ntchito dongosolo pa mwala, fupa kapena mtengo. Iwo ali, titero Kugwirizana kwa chitsanzo chilengedwe cha ntchito chuma mwini. N'chifukwa chake mankhwala amenewa ndi zosazolowereka wapadera.

Handicrafts: zidole

Chinthu chachikulu banja lililonse - kupitiriza mitundu. N'chifukwa chake ana nthawi zonse mwapadera. Iwo, iwo ankaphunzitsa ndipo, ndithudi, ankaimba nawo. Kuti atenge mwana, tapanga zamanja lapadera: chikopa, nsalu, nkhuni, miyala, etc ...

Russian Tirhana na Timatheriyali kwa ana:

• Matryoshka. The chidole wotchuka umene wakhala chizindikiro cha Russia. Kwa nthawi yoyamba imeneyi chidole matabwa anaonekera mu m'ma XIX. Okwana tichipeza mayunitsi 8. Machined wamba chidole Turner. Izo zinali ndiye anajambula ndi tiri mtundu wa atsikana Russian ndi chomwecho, makope ang'onoang'ono kokha mkati.
• Chidole Bogorodskaya, chosema. zidole awa anayamba kubwerera mu zaka XVI-XVII. Pankhaniyi, mbuye sanachite ziboliboli wamba, komanso kanjedza wapadera avundulidwe. Iwo alenje, alimi, nyama ndi mbalame, komanso zithunzi lonse ku moyo watsiku ndi tsiku akumidzi.
• Dymkovo zidole. Handicrafts wa mumzinda kudziwika pafupifupi onse pa Russia. M'zaka za m'ma XV, mwambo wa akuseka zidole-malikhweru zopangidwa dongo. Izi zithunzi za nyama, anthu Ndi mbalame, ndipo ananyamula mafano wakale. Mwambo wa asodzi si opatsirana monga mwachizolowezi, bambo mwana ndi mayi wamkazi.

Atchule onse mafumu odziwika ndi wakale, amene anadzipereka luso lawo kuti ana, zingakhale zopanda malire. Ndipo aliyense anali ake zidole mwini khalidwe, mbali yapadera, osati khalidwe la mpumulo.

galasi-kuwomba yopanga

Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa ntchito yovuta kwambiri ndi chidwi pa nthawi yomweyo. Mu Russia, ndi luso kuwomba anaonekera osati kale - m'zaka XVIII. tate wake anali Prince Menshikov. Ndipo, ngakhale kuti poyamba yopanga alendo oyitanidwa, ndiye ntchito wakhala Russian dziko lathu wowerengeka luso.

Galasi-kupanga malo mumzinda wa Klin. Ndi kumeneko kumene tikhoza kumudziwa chionetsero lowoneka la Khirisimasi zokongoletsa ndi zokometsera. Chifukwa mudzi pafupi Moscow? Dera limeneli wolemera miyala ya mtengo wapatali kwa glassblowers mchenga - khwatsi, popanda zomwe n'zosatheka kupanga.

malo ena odziwika konsekonse mu dziko, ndi GUS Crystal. mtawuni alitcha dzina kwa galasi-kuwomba wakale fakitale, anayambitsa m'zaka za m'ma XVIII ndipo ali otchuka Russian amalonda Maltsov.

Amene ndi mbewu zodabwitsa umabala zosiyanasiyana kuchokera nkhaniyi wosalimba. magalasi Izi vinyo ndi matambula a vinyo, Miphika ndi damasks, ndi alendo chidwi ndi ngakhale ziwiya kunyumba.

zisudzo Modern luso

Tsopano chinthu chachikulu zamanja ambiri Russian ndi amisiri - kupitiriza kukhala. Popularity - ndicho chinsinsi bwino. Anthu ambiri kudziwa ndi kuzindikira luso bwino, madongosolo ambiri ali ambuye.

Komanso, handicrafts kuthandiza mbadwo watsopano kumvetsa mbiri komanso chikhalidwe cha dziko lawo. Izi si chidwi ndi nkhani, komanso zambiri zosangalatsa, makamaka ana. Ndipotu, pafupifupi aliyense wa mankhwala wathu amagwiritsa mitundu yowala, zithunzi oseketsa ndi makhalidwe zoseketsa.

Tinganene, ali anaikira yopanga zamanja zosiyanasiyana ndi malonda pachaka fairs. N'kumene ambuye kubweretsa zinthu zawo zabwino anasonyeza ndi zogulitsa.

Wotchuka kwambiri ndi fairs chidwi lero:

• "Bwato" chionetsero cha handicrafts. Izo zikuchitika mu Nizhny Novgorod chaka chilichonse. Nazi zaluso ndi zamanja osati ojambula zithunzi m'dera, komanso bwino Russian amisiri. Chochitika ichi chikuchitika mu mwezi wa December.
• Ethnomir - ambuye ndi zamanja. chionetserochi chikuchitika mu dera Kaluga mu September. Ukumana ndi ambuye yabwino ya Russia ndi dziko. Monga mbali ya chikondwerero komanso mumakhala zokambirana chidwi kwambiri ndi nkhani aliyense.

Solovetsky Timatheriyali Fair. Izi ndi mwambo wa pachaka wa chigawo Arkhangelsk anachezeredwa ndi ambuye ku Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Moscow, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Nizhny Novgorod ndi midzi ina waluso ndi m'midzi. Kwambiri makamaka alendo zamanja - Khokhloma, gzhel ndi zidole.

Kuwonjezera deta fairs, pali ena ambiri amene kusonkhanitsa anthu ambiri ndipo amathandiza kuti kukonzanso zikamera wa handicrafts kuleza kuiwalika.

mpeni nsomba

Art processing wa zitsulo anawagawira pafupifupi lonse Russia. Ndipo m'madera osiyanasiyana anali malo kupanga lonse masamba, ziwiya, osiyanasiyana mafoloko ndi mipeni.

Makamaka wotchuka chifukwa luso lake adziwe Nizhny Novgorod. Center wa luso luso zitsulo anakhala Pavlovskaya Sloboda. Zikumbutso loyamba iye anaonekera kwa zaka za m'ma XVI. Ndiye luso handicrafts kufalikira ku madera ena zigawo. Mwachitsanzo, mudzi wa Vorsma. The luso ndi luso la m'misili ankadziwika akutali Russia. Pa Soviet Union malo amenewa anali likulu boma cha "mpeni nsomba."

mipeni Russian ndi ziwiya anali chokongoletsedwa ndi osiyanasiyana zipangizo, fupa kuti ngale ndi yasipi. Iwo anadziŵa ndi chosema wapadera, amene anali osati yokongoletsera, komanso mtundu wa ulimi sitampu.

Imodzi mwa nyumba wotchuka amene anapanga ntchito zamanja banja chibwenzi ndi kutengerapo umisiri anthu awa ndi zidule za malonda kuchokera mwana wamwamuna, anakhala Ptitsyn Zavyalov ndi Biryutiny. mankhwala awo anachititsa chidwi chachikulu pa zamalonda ku Philadelphia, London, Berlin ndi Paris.

Zodzikongoletsera malonda mu Russia

Ichi ndi chimodzi chofunika kwambiri ndi otchuka zamanja a anthu athu. Kufikira tsopano, mankhwala a wakale Russian ambuye Timasangalalanso maganizo ndi malingaliro a alendo ndi akatswiri a zinthu zakale zambiri ndi zisudzo. Jewelcrafting ndi kwambiri kuti zachokera zamanja ambiri ndi handicrafts. kulipira ichi, kusema, kupenta ndi zina zambiri.

Zodzikongoletsera limodzi munthu Russian chibadwire imfa. Ngakhale zovala mwana mikanda aliyense ndi obayidwa makutu atsikana zaka 6-8. Anyamata amakonda kudalira ndolo imodzi. Kuwonjezera zokongoletsa izi, anthu ali osiyanasiyana zibangili otchuka, mphete ndi mphete wapatali, buckles ndi zina zotero. Zipangizo ambiri mu Russia golide, siliva, ndi ngale. Kenako, mu nthawi ya chitukuko yogwira ubale malonda, panali zamtengo wapatali, emeralds, miyala ya safiro ndi garnets.

Ngakhale mfundo kuti Russian nyumba Kalonga zambiri anali anaitanidwa ambuye achilendo, mu Russia Kumeneko kunali anthu ambiri otchuka zawo. Iwo Gavrila Ovdokimov amene anachita nkhanu kuphimba akufa Tsarevich wotchedwa Dmitry, Moscow ambuye Ivan Popov, Pestrikov Tretyak ndi Athanasius Stepanov.

malo zodzikongoletsera luso akhala zigawo chapakati, tingadzifunse zamanja - Gzhel, zojambulajambula kulipira ndiponso kupenta ndi zina zotero, Nizhny Novgorod, Red Village, Great Ustyug ndi ena ambiri.