Palekh kakang'ono. Anthu nsomba m'mudzi wa Palekh

Za mtundu wina wokongola kwambiri lokhudza anthu ndi Russian lacquer kakang'ono, malo ano zomwe zili Palekh, Fedoskino, Mstera ndi Kholui. pakati wakale wa luso limeneli - m'mudzi wa Palekh wa dera Ivanovo, kumene ojambula zithunzi zaka zambiri, osati utoto mafano, komanso penti malinga mu mipingo Orthodox ndi kubwezeretsedwa mipingo akale aang'ono. Palekh kakang'ono, amene anauka chifukwa cha kusintha moyo ndi chikhalidwe amene anachitika Russia pambuyo October kuukira boma la 1917, anatha kusunga zaka zakubadwa mwambo wa chizindikiro kupenta ndi kusamutsa kuti mitundu yatsopano ndi kudzaza mwinamwake n'kofunika zili anthu.

Mbiri ya lacquer Russian

The Russian lacquer kupenta wakhalapo kwa zaka zoposa ziwiri. Amaona kuti kukhala chiyambi cha mapeto a m'zaka za zana XVIII, pamene Moscow wamalonda Korobov anayambitsa fakitale kwa kupanga visors lacquered anafuna kuti zipewa Russian asilikali. Lacquered kakang'ono anaonekera penapake ina pa Russian lachifumu bwalo mwambo wa wopera anakhala yapamwamba. Korobov anatha mofulumira ndithu bungwe yopanga mabokosi kakang'ono lacquer - wopera. M'kupita kwa nthawi, gizmos awa akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito azikongoletsa zipinda. Choncho, amafuna awo chokongoletsera kukhala apamwamba. Kenako ntchito aluso Russian ndi chimaonekadi osiyana zitsanzo Western mmene njira kuphedwa, komanso anthu amene anali kutchulidwa khalidwe dziko. Choncho, mu Russian lacquer kakang'ono anaonekera zilembo ndi zithunzi za ku nkhani wowerengeka ndi nthano mabuku ndi wakale Russian, zikusonyeza miyambo Russian ndi moyo, kubereka chilengedwe chokongola ozungulira.

Malo lacquer ankapenta Russian

Mu Russia lero pali malo anayi, omwe zikukangalika osauka opulumutsidwa miyambo yakale ya luso Russian wa kakang'ono lacquer kupenta: Fedoskino, Palekh, Holuy ndi Mstera. Pamaso pa 1917 ndi matauni onse kupatula Fedoskino, ankadziwika mu Russia malo aakulu chithunzi kupenta, amene analenga chizindikirochi, komanso kukonzekera kubwezeretsedwa kwa mbuye ndi khoma zojambula akachisi. Aliyense malo kulenga zithunzi Orthodox mwambo wamba, koma analinso ndi chosiyana yake kanali. Opanga Kholui, kutali zedi mu iconography, anali pafupi ndi Russian Kuzindikira chikhalidwe, anthu Mstera miyambo ya Old Okhulupirira madera a m'madera osiyana Russian, Palekh ojambula zithunzi ntchito kwambiri zithunzi ovomerezeka Orthodox.

Kodi iconography mu Palekh

M'zaka za m'ma XVI Palekh anthu mchikakamizo cha malo a chikanachitika kale iconography ndi Kholui Shuya anayamba kuyesa dzanja lake pa zithunzi kulemba. Kuyesa anali ochepa ndi bwino sinditchula iwo.

Pakati pa zaka za m'ma XVII mbiri ya Palekh amisiri chizindikiro anafika Moscow, ndi ojambula zithunzi akupemphedwa kuti achite ntchito m'nyumba yachifumu. Ngati XVII atumwi ku chigawo cha Vladimir chizindikiro adalemba m'mudzi uliwonse waukulu, m'zaka XVIII anali yaikulu zithunzi zitatu: Holuy, Mstera ndi Palekh. Paleshane, mosiyana ndi anthu a zambiri otukuka Mstera Kholui ndipo mpaka chiyambi cha XIX atumwi ophatikizana ulimi wawo ndi kulemba mafano nthawi yanu ufulu kumunda. Vyrisovalas kuona miyambo ya zithunzi zinalengedwa pang'onopang'ono ndipo anali okwera mtengo.

Chiyambi cha m'ma XIX akuganiza heyday wa Palekh chizindikiro kupenta. Anayamba mu zithunzi Palekh anagulitsa osati likulu ndi m'mizinda ikuluikulu Russian, komanso kunja.

Ndi pakati pa XIX atumwi Palekh bungwe zokambirana woyamba wachokera Safonov, Corinne, ndi Nanykinu UDALOVA. Ndi chiyambi cha XX atumwi, kupanga mafano wakhala ambiri, otsika mtengo komanso khalidwe. Kubwera kwa zithunzi zotchipa tinkawasindikiza typographically, zinachititsa kuchepa kwa iconography ndi kuwonongedwa masitolo ena odziwika bwino. Mu zaka za m'ma makumi awiri mu Kholui, Palekh ndi Mstera kusunga miyambo ya Russian chizindikiro maphuziro Committee kupenta otumikira zinalengedwa, chimene chinafika mpaka 1917.

Nthawi Soviet

Pambuyo pa October kuukira boma, mpaka 1923, ambiri mwa ojambula zithunzi mu Palekh sankagwira ntchito. Wina anali atapita kukafuna ntchito mumzinda, ena ayesetsa kuti zidole, mbale kapena nsapato yokhotakhota. Mpaka 1923 panali ziwembu zingapo kuti azolowere zakale chizindikiro-penti mabokosi, zidole ndi ziwiya matabwa. Komabe, zinthu sanapite komanso kufunika amasulidwe mabuku ambirimbiri pa mitengo otsika, ndi chilengedwe cha mankhwala zinachititsa kuti kupanga mankhwala otsika kwambiri.

tsiku pamene analengedwa ndi Palekh lacquer kakang'ono, mu mawonekedwe imene ife tikudziwa izo ziyenera kuonedwa pamene mapeto a 1922, kuyambira mu 1923. Zinali ndiye kuti zisudzo wojambula Ivan Golikov akakhala workpieces zopangidwa papier-mache kulenga zikuchokera "Adam m'Paradaiso." Ntchito imeneyi ndi chidwi pa kayendetsedwe wa Chiyembekezo Chotsimikizika Museum (lero - Folk Art Museum), amene anali kupereka akusowekapo wojambula ndi kulipira ntchito yake. M'tsogolo, ndondomeko zogwiritsidwa I. V. Markichev, AV ndi IP Kotuhin Vakurov. Yopangidwa ndi ojambula zithunzi izi anali kuperekedwa mu 1923 pa Art National ndi Makampani Exhibition ku Moscow ndipo linapereka kwa dipuloma ya mlingo wa 1. Mu 1924, aluso ankazionetsa Venice, ndipo mu 1925 - mu Paris, komwe analenga furor ndi apambananso kwambiri. Zonsezi zinachititsa kuti chakuti December 5, 1924 mu Palekh vv ndi AV Kotuhinymi, AI ndi AI I.Zubkovymi, Markicheva IV, IM ndi I. Ndipo Bakanov . Golikov analengedwa Artel wa chithunzi chakale.

Newborn Palekh kakang'ono anakumana ndi zinthu zambiri mavuto: woyamba wa zonse, tinkafunika ndi zinthu zatsopano - ndi papier-mache, amene luso sanali ojambula odziwika bwino, Paleshane Komanso, kunali koyenera kuti asamukire ku penti zithunzi lathyathyathya intaneti Zokongoletsa zinthu ndi zinthu zofunika voliyumu ndi mawonekedwe.

A zosiyanasiyana akalumikidzidwa ndi utoto Palekh ambuye nkhani inali yaikulu ndithu: zokometsera zomanga, bisernitsy, zifuwa, mabokosi, ndudu milandu ndi mabokosi wopera, milandu eyeglass ndi mabokosi ufa ndi zina zambiri. Palekh kakang'ono nthawi ali ndi kutchulidwa yokongola chiyambi, koma ulibe zithunzi ndi kusinthika storyline. Nyimbo bwino kwambiri ndipo anthu ambiri nthawi anali nkhondo, ndi cowherd nyama, kuvina ndi umaŵirikiza nthaŵi zitatu.

Safe kunena kuti anali mu 20s wa mzaka zana makumi awiri mu Palekh lacquer kakang'ono anapanga mchikakamizo cha akale Russian chizindikiro-kupenta mwambo, ndi dziko la chisunzo.

Nkhondo Itatha

Mu khumi zoyambirira za mtendere, ambuye ambiri Palekh ankapenta ntchito zake akamachita zithunzi nkhondo zosiyanasiyana, onse posachedwapa maphunziro Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World ndi nkhondo zina zazikulu zimene anabweretsa kutchuka khamu Russian. Mu makumi asanu, malinga ndi otsutsa ambiri, lacquer kakang'ono Palekh akukumana ndi mavuto zoonekeratu, omwe chifukwa cha chizolowezi aluso ambiri Kuzindikira kwambiri, kukankhira kunja kwa ntchito ndi chibwenzi kuukonza khalidwe la ntchito za zaka zam'mbuyo. Palekh kakang'ono, chithunzi anapereka m'munsimu, zikusonyeza momveka bwino zochita za mfundo Soviet nthawi pa aluso.

Kuzindikira kwambiri, monumentality ndi pathos zimaonetsa kwambiri ndi ntchito analengedwa mu zaka izi, ngakhale, nakhalabe ena ambuye imatchula mwambo wa romanticism ndi sukulu yakale.

zaka zao za sikisite The yodziwika ndi monumentality ndi kumwetsa chilengedwe amapita, koma phiri ndi Chifunga chikondi anabwerera Palekh lacquer kakang'ono amakhalanso ndakatulo ndi ophiphiritsa. Nthawi imeneyi, aluso paleshane ndikaonekere osati kuti zinthu wowerengeka, komanso ku ntchito za mabuku, komanso masiku ano nyimbo. Pa nthawi yomweyo zochitika chikhalidwe kwambiri, monga Mwachitsanzo, danga anthu ndege, napeza chinyezimiro chake ntchito za olamulira.

The makumi asanu ndi awiri ndi Mipingo ya XX atumwi inali nthawi kuyanga wa Palekh kupenta. ojambula zithunzi Palekh mukuitanidwa kukhala waika mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana konsati, chokongoletsera ana ndi mabungwe chikhalidwe.

modernity

Popeza anapulumuka 90s kovuta, paleshane tasiya nsomba wawo. Palekh luso sukulu chaka umabala ojambula zithunzi wamng'ono mosamala asayambe miyambo ndi makhalidwe amene ali chidwi Palekh kakang'ono. Today pali cooperatives zingapo ndi mabizinesi banja, anapangidwa miyambo Palekh lacquer ware.

mbali chosiyana

kupenta Palekh, monga ena luso lililonse anthu amene apangidwa m'madera ena, ali yake mbali chosiyana ndi miyambo. Monga tanenera kale, nsomba wodziwika kwa zaka kutamandidwa Palekh. Lacquered thumbnail Utsogoleri zithunzi atenga ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu, monga Mwachitsanzo, pomanga zikuchokera, ndi chidwi mosamala tsatanetsatane. Tikhoza kunena kuti Palekh kakang'ono anawuka pa miyambo yakale chithunzi kupenta. Ku masukulu ena onse Palekh lacquer kupenta kalembedwe amakhala ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:

• prorisovyvanie nyimbo olimba ndi nkhani;
• kakang'ono kupenta;
• unatengera ndi kuchuluka yokongola chitsanzo;
• mosamala mwatsatanetsatane aliyense mchitidwe;
• elongation ndi fragility wa kanjedza anthu;
• fineness oitana thupi anthu m'madera;
• zosiyanasiyana kusintha mtundu;
• Gwiritsani zikhalidwe mdima;
• ntchito dzira tempera;
• utoto golide.

Koma kuti chithunzicho kuyamba kulenga tizithunzi, muyenera kulenga papier-mâché mankhwala Ndisainira.

Kodi kupanga papier-mache?

Iwo chidapangidwa kuchokera ku katoni, amene kale kusema n'kupanga, topaka phala, kuphika ufa wa tirigu, ndipo ntchito kwa nkhungu matabwa (ingot) alipo. Mukamaliza kupeza makulidwe chofunika, pamodzi ndi makatoni akusowekapo chili mu atolankhani wapadera. Opanikizika, iwo n'kukhala machubu a mosiyanasiyana ndi makulidwe. Wothinikizidwa Choncho kogwirizana ndi zouma firiji pafupifupi milungu iwiri. The preform zouma ndi adatchithisira usiku Kumalimbikitsa linseed mafuta impregnation, ndipo kenako iwo zouma kwa masiku anayi mu uvuni apadera kutentha anakhalabe pa 120 ⁰ C. Mu sitepe yotsatira ndi workpiece ndi nthaka ndi primed. Pambuyo akupera padziko angapo akunja superposed zigawo za wakuda lacquer, ndipo amkati - Mafuta varnish ndi cinnabar. Kumapeto kwa ndondomekoyi padziko lonse lacquered ndi zigawo zingapo lacquer kuwala. Pambuyo ntchito iliyonse wosanjikiza preform ndi zouma kutentha ena mu ng'anjo. Pokhapokha mwai onsewa, chithunzicho adzatha kuyamba kupenta.

Njira ndi njira

Monga tanenera kale, munthu wa makhalidwe wogwidwa ndi Palekh lacquer kupenta kakang'ono ndi dzira tempera utoto. Pofuna kujambula si akankhidwira yosalala varnish pamwamba, izo mwapadera ankachitira ndi mwala pumice. The mizere ya chithunzi tsogolo umagwiritsidwa ntchito mankhwala, pensulo lakuthwa ndipo anachita underpainting. Ndi iye ndipo lingagwiritsidwe mbuye ndi kuchuluka kwa zigawo mandala zonyalazo kupenta. Total njira zoyambirira za kulenga fano zisanu:

1. Roskrysh - waukulu basting silhouettes ndi contours.

2. Mumakhalako chilolezo - kukambirana ndi contours ndi mithunzi.

3. Plavi - kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta madzi lessirovochnomu zikwapu utoto.

4. Blikovka - notching anachita golide anasungunuka.

5. nkhanza penti chitsanzo golide.

Kenako, golide chokongoletsera kukhazikitsidwa monga sibu opukutidwa phirilo kapena nkhandwe dzino, ndiye nkhani yonse TACHIMATA ndi zigawo 6-7 ya lacquer. Pambuyo ntchito iliyonse ntchito nafota, wopukutidwa pa kupukuta chilolo yapadera, ndipo kenako akudutsa liza dzanja opukutidwa. kali Lacquered, wopukutidwa ndi galasi mapeto, kupereka chithunzi ndi kuya adawonjeza zimapangitsa utoto "yopanda chilema" zambiri wolemera ndi zofewa.