Dutch kupenta. Dutch Golden Age kupenta. Zojambula za akatswiri Dutch

Za Dutch kapena zojambula Flemish amadziwika ngakhale amene sali kuwadziwa bwino luso. Koma anthu ambiri, ndi osaposa Rembrandt zithunzi. Pakadali pano, ndi wapadera kwambiri, woyenera kuphunzira zambiri za dera chikhalidwe European, omwe amasonyeza moyo osiyana ndi a anthu a Netherlands pa nthawi.

Nkhani ya

oimira chabwino cha luso anayamba kuoneka m'dziko m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri. French maphunziro chikhalidwe anawapatsa dzina wamba - "ang'ono Dutch", amene si zokhudzana ndi sikelo luntha ndi zimatanthauza ubwenzi mfundo zina za tsiku ndi tsiku, wosiyana "lalikulu" kalembedwe ndi nsalu zokha ayi chachikulu pa nkhani kapena zochitika m'nthano. Mbiri ya zikamera wa kupenta Dutch anali anafotokoza m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, ndi olemba ntchito zawo komanso ntchito mawu amenewa. "Small Dutchmen" wolemekezeka Kuzindikira yakale akatulukire kwa dziko lakunja, ndipo anthu ena amagwiritsa ntchito luso, malankhulidwe wolemera.

yachitika

Mbiri ya zikamera wa kupenta Dutch akhoza kugawidwa m'mbali zingapo. Woyamba unakhala pafupifupi zaka 1620 ndi 1630, pamene luso dziko anali Kuzindikira ovomerezeka. Nthawi yachiwiri kupenta Dutch anali kudutsa mu 1640-1660 gg. nthawi iyi imene chimachititsa maluwa weniweni wa luso sukulu ina. Pomaliza, nthawi yachitatu, nthawi imene kupenta Dutch anayamba kutha - kuchokera 1670 mpaka m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu.

Dziwani kuti malo chikhalidwe nthawi zinasintha. Mu nthawi yoyamba, ojambula kutsogolera ntchito ku Haarlem, ndi nthumwi chachikulu chinali Khalsa. Ndiye, pakati anasamukira ku Amsterdam, komwe ntchito yofunika kwambiri imene Rembrandt ndi Vermeer.

Chithunzi cha tsiku ndi tsiku

Lonena za Mitundu chofunika kwambiri kupenta Dutch, onetsetsani kuti kuyamba ndi ogula - ndi wanzeru kwambiri ndi loyambirira mbiri. Iwo Flemings anatsegula zithunzi dziko la moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu wamba, osawuka ndi nzika kapena anthuŵa. Apainiya anayamba Ostade ndi otsatira ake Audenrogge, Bega ndi Dyusart. Mu zojambula oyambirira Ostade anthu kusewera makhadi, kukangana ndi amamenyana mu nyumba za alendo a. Chithunzi chilichonse zimaonetsa zazikulu, khalidwe penapake nkhanza. Dutch kupenta a nthawi imeneyo ndipo imafotokoza zochitika wamtendere: ena a ntchito za wamba kulankhula za chubu ndi kapu ya mowa, kukacheza chilungamo kapena m'banja. Mphamvu ya Rembrandt kwachititsa anthu kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kuwala zofewa golide ndi mthunzi. zithunzi Urban anauziridwa ndi amisiri monga Hals, Leyster, Molenaar ndi Codd. Pakati pa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri ambuye ankafotokozedwa madokotala, asayansi pochita zokambirana zawo, ntchito mozungulira nyumba kapena zochitika zosangalatsa. Aliyense nkhani anali kusangalala zina grotesque didactic. Ena ambuye zapangitsa poeticize moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, mwachitsanzo, Terborch chosonyeza zochitika za nyimbo kupanga kapena kukopana. Metsu ntchito kuwala mitundu, kutembenuzira tsiku ndi tsiku mu tchuthi, ndipo de A Hooch anauziridwa ndi kuphweka banja, wodzazidwa masana akakufunsani. Kenako, woimira polemba chinenero chimenechi, womwenso amisiri ngati Dutch monga Van der Werf ndi Aert Van der Neer, kuti atsale kulenga zithunzi zokongola nthawi zambiri nkhani zambiri wofuna.

Nature ndi mitunda

Komanso, kupenta Dutch ambiri ankaimira mu mtundu wanyimbo malo. Iye anali woyamba kubadwa mwa ntchito za ambuye zoterozo Haarlem monga galimoto Goyen, de Moleyn ndi galimoto Ruisdael. Iwo anayamba yosonyeza ngodya kumidzi mu zina kuwala silvery. Zofunika umodzi wa chilengedwe anatuluka mu mapepala patsogolo. Tiyenera kutchura seascapes. Seascape anali amisiri Dutch cha m'ma 17 monga Porsellis, de Vlieger ndi Van De Capelle. Iwo samangokhala anafuna kusonyeza ena zithunzi za m'madzi, ambiri ayesetsa kuwonetsera madzi lokha sewero kuwala, ndipo mu mlengalenga.

Ndi theka lachiwiri la m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri, mtundu wanyimbo wokhala ntchito kwambiri maganizo ndi malingaliro aumunthu. Zolemba malire kuwulula kukongola kwa malo a Dutch Jan van Ruisdael zimasonyeza mu sewero zake zonse, mphamvu ndi monumentality. M'malo mwa miyambo wakhala chizolowezi ankaona malo dzuwa. Koninck akuonetsedwa poto ndi Van der Hep nawo chilengedwe ndi kufala kwa usiku zokongola mweziwo, yotuluka ndi kulowa dzuwa. Kwa ojambula zithunzi ndi mitunda khalidwe la fano nyama, monga ng'ombe ndi mahatchi odyetserako, komanso zithunzi kusaka ndi apakavalo. Kenako, aluso anayamba kugona ndi chikhalidwe cha lachilendo la - Bwato Van Lahr, Weenix, Berchem ndi Hackert chosonyeza Italy, kusamba mu kuwala kwa dzuwa. Mpainiya mu mtundu wanyimbo wa malo m'tawuni anakhala Sanredam, otsatira bwino amene angatchedwe abale Berkheyde ndi Yana Van der Heijden.

Interiors chifaniziro

A mtundu wanyimbo osiyana, zomwe amasiyana kupenta Dutch pachimake, zithunzi angatchedwe mpingo, nyumba ndi maofesi m'nyumba. The Interiors anaonekera mu zojambula za theka lachiwiri la chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri ambuye m'ma Delft - Haukgesta, Van der Vliet ndi de A Witte, amene anakhala nthumwi mkulu wa malangizo. Ntchito luso Vermeer, amisiri akuonetsedwa zithunzi m'kuunika zachilengedwe, wodzala ndi kutengeka ndi ukulu.

mbale kwabasi ndi ziwiya

Pomaliza, wina khalidwe la mtundu wanyimbo wa kupenta Dutch - akadali moyo, makamaka chakudya fano. koyamba chiyani harlemtsy ndi Klas Heda, amene utoto matebulo yokutidwa ndi tableware mwanaalirenji. Matenda kwabasi ndi kufala wapadera momasuka mkati wodzazidwa ndi kuwala siliva imvi, khalidwe la siliva ndi pewter. Utrecht ojambula zithunzi anasolola zobiriwira maluwa akadali lifes, ndipo makamaka Hague ambuye anakwanitsa chifanizo cha nsomba ndi zokwawa m'madzi. Mu Leiden panali azimuth nthanthi polemba chinenero, imene Zizindikiro za zosangalatsa thupi ndi ulemerero padziko lapansi azikhala chigaza ndi hourglass, oyesa amafanana ndi waufupi nthawi. Angakwanitse Kitchen akadali moyo anakhala wakuti School Art ku Rotterdam.