Kodi kudya bowa? Mphamvu, kapangidwe ndi kubalana wa bowa. Kodi nyama kudya bowa?

Mwa zomera nkhalango zambiri ndithu zolengedwa mwachinsinsi. Koma ndi mtundu umodzi wa mbewu zamoyo kumanja ndi pa malo pamwamba pa mlingo makonzedwe chinsinsi ndi byway. Tikuyankhula zokhudza bowa. Asayansi sindikudziwa ndendende zimene mitundu ya zinthu iwo ali: kwa zomera kapena zinyama. Mpaka posachedwapa bowa ankatengedwa oimira dziko mbewu. Koma tsopano zonse zomera amafuna kutsutsa kopanda ichi. Ndipo ngati ndi choncho, ndiye iwo ali dziko la nyama. Pankhaniyi, pali funso chidwi kwambiri: "Kodi kudya bowa"

Ufumu wa bowa

Kuphunzira zolengedwa zimenezi zodabwitsa za chilengedwe chinkhoswe mu njira yonse ya zomera. Njirayi imatchedwa mycology (ndi mmene kudya bowa, kalasi 7 pa sukulu). Ngakhale ngati ife kuyambira lakuti Latin bowa - M'kupita, kapena Mycota, zimaonekeratu kuti dziko lonse. Kapena, monga asayansi ena - malo a zamoyo unstudied.

Mbali yaikulu ya bowa ndi kuti kuphatikiza mbali ya onse nyama ndi zomera. Kucheza botanists kuwatcha zamoyo eukaryotic. Back mu chiyambi cha m'ma XIX, asayansi ena amanena m'mabuku ake kuunikila bowa ufumu osiyana. Komabe, maganizo komaliza pa nkhani imeneyi atangotha mu 70 ntchentche za m'ma XX. Zinali ndiye kuti asayansi m'Malemba kufunika bowa dziko osiyana. Mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma XX, kudziwa wabweza mu kuphunzira kwa ufumu zodabwitsa analola asayansi kugawanitsa majeremusi mu angapo zifukwa kwathunthu mizere mzake ndipo azipereke kwa malo osiyana.

The zotsatira za kafukufuku "lenileni" bowa akuti ndi mtundu umodzi wokha. Ife kuti ndi "mbewu" ndi zisoti ndipo zimayambira kuti moyo makamaka mu nkhalango. Ndipotu, mitundu yonse ya nkhungu bakiteriya amatchedwanso bowa. Fanizirani iwo ndi amene amakhala ndi kudula mu Moss, kuli kovuta. Ndipotu - ndipo ichi osachepera - mabakiteriya ndi bowa kudya mosiyana.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XXI, ngakhale tanthauzo kwambiri za "bowa" ndi maganizo. Ngati ife tikukamba za kutanthauzira yopapatiza, limene limafotokoza kuti taxonomy kwachilengedwenso, n'koyenera kuti mawu akuti "taxon" (a mtundu wa maufumu a chikhalidwe). Mu zaka, kumveka waukulu ameneŵa wataya tanthauzo la poyamba. Lero amasonyeza zachilengedwe ndipo trophic gulu, chimene chimabweretsa pamodzi eukaryotes heterotrophic ndi mtundu osmotrofnym Kudzikonda (kuti ndicho chimene tili ndi chidwi: mmene kudya bowa). Biology akadali kuphunzira nkhani. Koma zimene zimadetsa nkhawa anthu mwachizolowezi wa mtundu uwu ndi mwendo ndi chipewa, mwamwambo kumatanthauza mycology. Ndipo ife kuyesa kuthana ndi "wamba" ndipo "kabwerebwere" bowa kuti inkakhala m'nkhalango wathu komanso madambo.

zosiyanasiyana

Tizilombo ndi zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana ufumu ndi zoopsa. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa mitundu yaikulu ya zamoyo, zomwe ndi mbali ya onse m'chilengedwe lapadziko ndi m'madzi. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wamakono, chibwenzi, pali 100 mpaka 250 zikwi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya bowa.

Mu 2008, ufumu M'kupita, asayansi anayesedwa makalasi 36, madongosolo 140, 560 mabanja ndi 8283 ankadya dzina generic a mitundu. Chidwi kanjedza! Ndithudi, bowa zatenga ndi kagawo kakang'ono zofunika mogwirizana ndi chilengedwe ndi munthu. Iwo alipo pafupifupi malo alionse: madzi, pa dziko, pa mitundu yonse ya magawo.

Kodi kudya bowa? The yochepa yankho wokongola losavuta: .. Iwo decomposers, ie, kuwola ndinso mitundu yonse ya zipangizo organic, pamene zikulimbikitsa mapangidwe zigawo latsopano chonde m'nthaka. Izi zikhoza kuonedwa ngati mphamvu achikale. Koma musaiwale kuti njira amenewa kumathandiza m'malo zofunika zachilengedwe wa biosphere lonse.

ntchito zonse

ntchito ina yofunika kwambiri yofunika bowa anapeza mu mitundu yonse ya magulu symbiotic. Mwachitsanzo, mycorrhiza - kucheza ndi mycelium mizu ya zomera apamwamba, ndere - kudalirana wa bowa ndi buluu wobiriwira algae, etc. Ndipo akuluakulu a neokalimastigovyh kuti ndi kuvomerezedwa zikuluzikulu za kugaya chakudya mu ruminants ... Ndipo kodi nyama kudya bowa, ndipo sangalankhule. Tingoyamba lonena!

Ngati ife kulankhula za munthu, ndiye, monga ife tikudziwira, ambiri a mtundu wa bowa ntchito mu zolinga chakudya, mankhwala ndi banja. ukatswiri zophikira chakudya ambiri a dziko amapangidwa ndi thanzi, chokoma ndi wathanzi mankhwala. ulimi wawo mafakitale chotchuka kwambiri. Pali lonse makampani kupanga zipangizo wapadera kwa kulima bowa. mankhwala amenewa ukunenedwa kwa mafani amene zikugwira kulima awo panyumba. Choncho alimi ayenera kudziwa mmene kudya bowa. Mayankho kukhudzanso zokolola ndi ntchito ndalama.

A zabwino kwambiri tosaoneka bowa, nthawi zambiri ntchito makampani chakudya cha tsiku lokonzekera la zakumwa, amene ali ofunika kupanga ndondomeko nayonso mphamvu. Osati ananyalanyaza ndi mankhwala. Mu masiku ano umisiri kupanga mankhwala amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mitundu ina ya tizilombo izi.

ngozi Fungal

Komabe, bowa ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi kuwonongeka. Tisaiwale kuti bowa zoipa, amene kukula mu kachitidwe phe zachilengedwe, akhoza kukhala ndi vuto lalikulu kwambiri mu mawu a chitetezo. Samasankha loopsa kwa zinthu yokumba kapena malo a zochita za anthu, angathe kuyambitsa matenda khungu - Zipere ndi kuwonongeka zina kwambiri ziwalo - mycoses kwambiri. Ndipo nkhawa anthu komanso nyama.

ngozi yaikulu kwambiri poizoni anthu angakhale "chikhalidwe" chakupha bowa. Nthawi zina, ngakhale imfa n'zotheka. poyizoni amenewa kawirikawiri chifukwa ingestion a kwambiri poizoni kapena bowa hallucinogenic.

Gawo yosavuta

Kuyankhula za zamoyo izi chodabwitsa, ine ndikufuna kuyankha funso lofunika kwambiri ndi chidwi: "Kodi kudya bowa" mayankho a mafunso osiyanasiyana ndithu, ndipo zimenezi ngakhale kuti ambiri a iwo a gulu lomweli - ndi Basidiomycetes kalasi. akazembe ake ndi kusiyana lalikulu kwambiri mawu a zachilengedwe kudya chakudya.

Ngati ife m'kagulu mankhwala edible nkhalango mmene kukula ndi mmene kudya bowa, iwo akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu atatu akulu akulu:

• saprotrophs humus;
• mtengo kuwononga bowa;
• mycorrhiza.

Ndi humus saprotrophs ndi anthu bowa mycelium amene chafalikiradi humus wosanjikiza dothi. Bowa kudya kanthu organic anapeza mu mtengo zinatha, udzu, etc. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ambiri a iwo kukula mu malo lotseguka - .. minda, madambo, steppe mabacteria. gulu makamaka Zina odziwika bwino bowa zonse monga bowa, raincoats ndi ndowe. Kodi kudya bowa ogwirira? Pamene palibe phindu, iwo saprotroph. Koma amakonda kukakwera mitundu yonse ya tizilombo moyo. Kuchita izi, zolusa ndi zipangizo zapadera kuti amakulolani agwire nyama. Nthawi zambiri, gawo ili la zomatira thupi la bowa ndi: Intaneti hyphae, nthambi ya mycelium lapansi. Koma pali ena amene ali kwenikweni kuti zopotola wovulalayo mofulumira kukula kukula.

Dzina la gulu lachiwiri odziwikiratu. Wood-kuwononga bowa, kapena ksilotrofy moyo zambiri matabwa. Zakudya njira amenewa akutsatiridwa ndi bowa wa katundu zothandiza omwe makungwa a mitengo. Childs, bowa amenewa akupezeka nkhalango, ndipo nawonso, anawagawa m'magulu awiri makonzedwe: bowa tizilombo bowa saprotrophs. Mukamakambirana mmene kudya bowa ndi majeremusi, zimaonekeratu kuti kwambiri mitengo, selyas makungwa awo. Ngakhale kuti ena amakonda kukula nkhuni akufa kale kusintha njira saprotrophic mphamvu.

Ambiri chongopeka nakulitsa bowa - ksilotrofov - a subgroup saprotroph. Kawirikawiri kukhala pa stumps kapena matabwa akufa. Mwa mtundu uwu ndi kutchula oyisitara odziwika bwino, mtengo yotentha Armillaria ndi shiitake. bowa ndi wofunika chifukwa kukhala wamkulu chaka chonse mu m'galasi. M'madera wapadera, zochokera Mwachitsanzo, zinyalala makampani nkhuni, n'zotheka bungwe mtundu wa munda.

chomera kudalirana

Mycorrhizal bowa, ndiwo makonzedwe gulu lachitatu, ziipe amenable kuti kulima yokumba. Pa chitukuko, iwo ukudalira mizu ya mitengo yaikulu, kupanga iwo mycorrhiza - mtundu wa mizu. Pankhaniyi, kudalirana zonse amapezeka kwambiri ngati mitengo ndi bowa mofanana zothandiza kwa wina ndi mzake. Mitengo ina imapereka bowa zofunika mphamvu, bwino, nayenso, amapereka nkhuni zofunika zakudya mchere. phosphorous makamaka ndi asafe.

Kodi kudya bowa? Mbali mobisa achuluka anagawira m'nthaka, criss-ankawoloka muzu waukulu wa mbewu ndi kuchita ntchito ya tsitsi mizu. Mbali ya hyphae kudutsa mu dongosolo muzu wa mtengo waukuluwo, akupanga zakudya. The akupanga zina za madzi nthaka, salt mchere ndi solutes ena, makamaka asafe okhutira. Choncho analandira ndi pang'ono analandira mu dongosolo yaikulu muzu wa zomera, komanso kutumikira monga zikuchokera michere kwa bowa yokha.

Ndipotu ina chidwi n'chakuti mycorrhizal angathe popanda dongosolo muzu wa zomera apamwamba. Koma mu nkhani iyi musati kupanga fruiting matupi a bowa izi. Izi ndi zomwe zimachitika kunyumba ndi bowa culturing pafupi woyera thereto subspecies (boletuses, Aspen). Ndicho chifukwa chake gulu la bowa si chongopeka nalo. Ngakhale palibe malamulo popanda kupatula. Mwachitsanzo, mu France ndi Germany sizachilendo kulima wakuda truffle, wophuka pa mizu ya mbande mumamera ndi thundu.

Kuti bowa kudya

Tikumbukenso kuti bowa imayambira okonzeka zopangidwa mankhwala organic. Komabe, udindo waukulu ndi ankaimba ndi mankhwala kukhala mpweya maziko. Mpweya - ndiwo mphamvu bowa. The zakudya edible bowa kwambiri ndi kukhalapo kwa zinthu nitrogenous - amatithandiza kukula. Chifukwa cha ichi, kumwa kanthu zochita kupanga kawirikawiri kwambiri ananena kuti bowa kudya autotrophic. Childs, izi nitrate ammonium ndi mchere ammonium wa zotumphukira lapansi. Kuwonjezera mpweya ndi asafe nyimbo bowa ntchito ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu mchere - calcium, magnesium, phosphorous. Ndipo ngati micronutrient ndi bowa amafuna zipangizo monga mkuwa, nthaka ndi manganese.

Komabe, ngati mwapemphedwa za mmene kudya bowa, yochepa yankho ayenera kukhala motere: heterotrophically. Izi zikutanthauza kuti iwo sangathe paokha kukonzedwa mchere zochita kupanga mu organic. Choncho, zonse zofunikira odzipereka mu mawonekedwe a "njira amadzimadzi".

Kudziwa za mmene kudya bowa ndi zofunika kwambiri kulima yokumba wa mamembala edible ufumu. Atalenga ndi malo abwino kwa kukula - chinsinsi mafakitale bwino.

Nyama ndi bowa

Kuchokera pa mfundo zimenezi, zimaonekeratu kuti bowa ndi ndi tanthauzo lalikulu ndithu kwa munthu chakudya zopangira amazionera. Koma kodi vuto ndi zinyama chiyani? Kodi phindu la dziko bowa ndi iwo? Kodi nyama kudya bowa? Mafunso amenewa akhoza anayankha Tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane makhalidwe a anthu ambiri nkhalango. Tikumbukenso yomweyo kuti iwo ali ndithu kufuna kudya ambiri zilombo, monga mphalapala, agologolo, zimbalangondo, gwape.

More alenje kudya bowa anazindikira nkhalango mbewa. Iwo Komabe, kawirikawiri kuchita m'matangadza ankaona kuti kudya kutali zonse zokoma kwambiri mwachindunji pansi. Ndipotu chidwi kuti nkhalango mbewa-vole mwanjira kudya Stipe, kusiya labwinobwino chipewa cha. Ndipo ngati tikuona ambiri zipewa kwala pansi Aspen bowa ndi bulauni kapu boletus, ndi chizindikiro kuti malo amenewa anali posachedwapa murine phwando.

Akuluakulu a mbalame amakonda bowa. Iwo ankadya iwo okha mu nthawi yotentha-autumn, sklevyvaya kuchitira pansi. The kumulakalaka asayansi bowa anali mabanga Jay, grouse ndi mitundu ina ya grouse. Ndipo nthenga kufalikira mofulumira mphatso nkhalango, onyamula spores mafangasi (iwo ndi ndowe) mu malo mwachilungamo kutali chilengedwe panopa. Iwo akadali zotheka chifukwa spores, kudutsa dongosolo m'mimba ya mbalame, amalimbikitsidwa kuti zimere.

nkhokwe gologolo

Ngati ife kulankhula za mapuloteni, mu nthawi ya chilimwe, iwo amadya ndi bowa pansi. Mu nthawi yozizira, mapuloteni wakudya katundu, kukolola kale. Bowa kudzaza pantry kwa dzinja nyama kumayambira chilimwe. Komanso, nuance chidwi n'chakuti pamaso yosungirako bowa ndi zouma mu dzuwa kupewa kuwola zina. Childs, mapuloteni ndi atapachikidwa iwo pa mitengo kuti asakhale mosavuta alenje ena kudya mankhwala. Nthawi zambiri iye amagwiritsa nthambi ya conifers. Kuli mapuloteni chabe kutchera kunja nyamazo mu stumps omasuka ndipo kali basi pomwepo.

Ngati mu September, akuyenda mu nkhalango, mukazonde kuyandikira kwa ena firs kapena m'nkhalango, mukhoza amaona zizindikiro za kukolola nyama manyenje. Chabwino, kuchuluka kwa akusowekapo kwa dzinja akhoza ankangoona ziwerengero operekedwa ndi asayansi. Mapuloteni pafupifupi amapeza mu kagawo imodzi mayunitsi 200 a bowa zosiyanasiyana. Wokongola chidwi chiwerengero, makamaka mukamawerenga kuti gawo lalikulu la Masitolo ndi kutenga bowa woyera. Kulemera okwana zinthu zouma kungakhale magalamu 600. Izi pafupifupi 6 makilogalamu wa chomwecho bowa yaiwisi.

Amanita - poizoni kapena apindule?

Ndipo amene amadya bowa mu nkhalango? Ngati ife kulankhula za okhala lalikulu nkhalango, chinthu choyamba ofunika ponena ndi ose. nyama zimenezi kwenikweni kwambiri amakonda bowa, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mokhudzana ose ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi chakuti iwo ali kufuna kudya ntchentche agaric, limene kwa zomera ambiri mitundu ndi owopsa. Asayansi amachita chidwi ndi maphunziro a nkhani imeneyi, koma mpaka sindingakhoze kufotokoza chikhalidwe chenicheni cha chodabwitsa lapansi. Ambiri a iwo timakonda kuganiza kuti mu njira iyi ose mwanjira "mankhwala" thupi lanu. Palinso maganizo ena mchere bowa kulimbikitsa chimbudzi mbawala.

Pa nkhani imeneyi, tiona nyama osati kokha, komanso anthu nthawizina ntchito kuuluka agaric. Koma mosiyana ndi nyama, anthu kudya amanita yekha mankhwala zolinga. M'madera akumidzi, akupangabe zosiyanasiyana tincture mowa pamaziko a bowa izi. Kutsutsa kuti ntchito zawo kumathandiza kuti mankhwalawa la misempha.

Ndipotu bowa muli zambiri zothandiza kwa onse kufufuza zinthu anthu ndi nyama. Ndipo kuti ndi cholinga cha kupewa mankhwala, osati chifukwa cha njala, nyama zambiri kupiphatisa chakudya.