Mwanjira jini

Gene - ndi structural unit wa mudziwe inheritable. Bwaloli gawo yeniyeni ya DNA (nthawizina RNA). mogwirizana jini amapereka kulanda zizindikiro chiyambidwe cha makolo zamoyo mbewu.

Jini iliyonse amasankha mbali makamaka amene ali oyima ena. Iwo amatha kucheza. Izi ndi zotheka zikomo chakuti pali zogwirizana cholowa cha chibadwa. Pamene amaphatikiza genotype iwo atumikire monga dongosolo. The ubale zofunika pakati pa iwo ndi lalikulu ndi recessive.

Anthu genotype - zikwi zizindikiro (dongosolo), zomwe kulumikiza DNA 46 okha. Aliyense wa iwo lili ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha majini (osachepera 30 zikwi).

Kukula kwa mbali makamaka mwina chifukwa chikoka cha jini kuposa wina, ndipo ambiri amene ali inakula ufulu unsembe. Amenewa mogwirizana majini otchedwa polima (lodabwitsa). Malinga limagwirira ichi, pali cholowa cha khungu, tsitsi, ndi mazana a zinthu zina.

Chifukwa ili chiwerengero cha chibadwa kupereka thandizo ndi chitukuko cha tizilombo okhazikika, wopangidwa mwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya apadera maselo kusiyanitsidwa. munthu anasonyeza 200 mitundu ya maselo ndi mayunitsi zina mu angapo apadera mitundu zinchito ndi morphological maselo.

majini pawiri mu khromozomu amati ndi chibadwa zowalamulira yaitali. Tonse a gulu lomweli la majini zogwirizana ndi tinatengera pamodzi mapangidwe gametes.

Chiwerengero cha magulu osiyana a majini wosiyana zowalamulira. mogwirizana ziwiri wosakanizidwa amakhala mu kuti zowalamulira kosamugonjera malamulo Mendelian. Komabe, ukapolo wathunthu yosowa kwambiri. Monga ulamuliro, ana limasonyeza phenotypes zonse zinayi.

Kuonetsetsa allelic ndipo ankachita jini sanali allelic. Alleles - awa mitundu ya jini chomwecho.

Allele - zimachitika a peyala yomweyo imene imachititsa allelic. Mawonetseredwe khalidwe anatsimikiza osati ulamuliro ubwenzi, komanso chiwerengero cha chibadwa mu genotype lapansi.

Alleles ndi Ngokhoza kulenga kugwirizana amenewa, monga ulamuliro wonse (pamene fenotayipi wa heterozygote ndi mankhwala okha losokonekera limodzi) ndi chosakwanira (a fenotayipi wa heterozygote amasiyana pa fenotayipi wa homozygous khalidwe lenileni ndi recessive, kutenga yachiwiri (wapakatikati) mtengo poyerekezera iwo Kodominirovanie -. Amenewa yatikhudza majini allelic pamene heterozygotes ndi fenotayipi onse mankhwala.

Nonallelic - zotsatira anzake a awiri (kapena zambiri) sanali allelic chibadwa. Iwo akhoza anafotokoza mu mawonekedwe a epistatic wowonjezera, kapena kusintha mogwirizana polima.

Mogwirizana nonallelic majini angakhale okhudza mosiyana, choncho kusiyanitsa mitundu yambiri.

Kugwirizana - zimachitika paokha Mendelian majini mu genotype wina ndi kuchititsa kuwonetsera mbali iliyonse umodzi.

Polima - zotsatira zowonjezera za ambiri mwa chibadwa sanali allelic pa mapangidwe khalidwe imeneyo amachititsa yothandizira kusintha osiyanasiyana quantifiable. Polima ndi chokhala ndi noncumulative. Mbali yoyamba, zizindikiro za chiwerengero anatsimikiza alleles lalikulu majini polymeric ali genotype lapansi. Ngati chachiwiri, mlingo wa khalidwe anatsimikiza yekha ndi kukhalapo kwa allele lalikulu ndipo zimadalira pa chiwerengero chawo.

Epistasis - ndi yimitsira la jini lalikulu allele mzake nonallelic choyamba. Kapena yimitsira zochita lalikulu ndi alleles recessive mu gipostatichnom jini recessive allele epistatic alipo boma homozygous.

The wowonjezera - Mbali kumakhala kanthu tonse majini 2-lalikulu, lomwe ndi khalidwe la munthu musati chifukwa.

Kulemba - The kusintha waukulu majini sanali allelic poyerekezera modifiers iwo. jini wina akhoza kuchita makamaka kulamulira chitukuko cha khalidwe ndi modifier poyerekezera ndi chitukuko cha zinthu zina.

Mogwirizana kwa majini nthawi zonse anati, pamene majini angapo bwanji mapangidwe boma ena a chamoyo khalidwe.