Mendel malamulo. Chikhazikitso cha chibadwa

Gregor Mendel - Austria katswiri, anaphunzira ndipo anafotokoza chitsanzo cha cholowa. malamulo Mendel a - izi ndi maziko a chibadwa akadali mbali yofunika kwambiri mu phunziro la chikoka cha chibadwa ndi kufala kwa makhalidwe cholowa.

Mu kuyesera awo, asayansi anawoloka zosiyanasiyana nandolo, anasiyana pamaziko a chosankha chimodzi: mthunzi wa mtundu, yosalala, nandolo makwinya, mapulaniwo msinkhu. Komanso, chizindikiro cha zatsopano Mendel anali kugwiritsa ntchito otchedwa "mizere yoyera," ie ana chifukwa chololera kubereketsa zomera za mbewu kholo. malamulo Mendel a mawu ndi kufotokoza mwachidule ayankhidwa pansipa.

Kwa zaka zambiri akuphunzira ndi mosamalitsa kukonza kuyesera ndi nandolo: matumba wapadera kuteteza maluwa kuchokera kubereketsa zomera zakunja Austria wasayansi yapindula zosaneneka panthawi imeneyo. Mokwanira yaitali kusanthula deta analola kafukufuku kubweretsa malamulo cha chibadwa, amene anadzatchedwa "malamulo Mendel a".

Akuyendera bwanji ndi malamulo ayenera anayambitsa mfundo zingapo zofunika kumvetsa lemba:

Lalikulu jini - losokonekera amene zizindikiro atawonetseredwa mu thupi. Kodi amaimira ndi likulu kalata: A, B. kudutsa mbali amenewa amaona salembedwa wamphamvu, i.e. iye nthawizonse kuonekera, ngati wachiwiri mbewu kholo adzakhala inaimitsidwa osachepera wofatsa zizindikiro. Zomwe zikutsimikizira kuti malamulo a Mendel.

Recessive jini - losokonekera mu fenotayipi si anasonyeza, ngakhale pano mu genotype lapansi. Atalonjeza likulu kalata, b.

Heterozygous - wosakanizidwa, amene genotype (ya majini), pali lalikulu ndi recessive jini kwa khalidwe zina. (AA ndi BB)

Homozygous - wosakanizidwa okhala yekha lalikulu kapena recessive jini udindo khalidwe ndi. (AA kapena BB)

Zotsatirazi tikambirana malamulo Mendel a, anakonza mwachidule.

lamulo loyamba Mendel, womwe umatchedwanso monga lamulo la hybrids pachilichonse akhoza anakonza motere: m'badwo woyamba hybrids, analandira kuchokera mizere koyera kuswana makolo ndi chomera akuchikazi ali phenotypic (ie, kunja) kusiyana khalidwe kuphunzira. M'mawu ena, ana onse chimodzimodzi zomera mthunzi maluwa, mapulaniwo msinkhu, kusalala kapena roughness wa nandolo. Komanso, izo zikusonyeza zizindikiro za phenotypically limafanana ndendende ndi maziko loyambirira la kholo limodzi.

Lamulo lachiwiri la chilamulo Mendel wa tsankho kapena awerenga ana a hybrids heterozygous m'badwo woyamba mwa okha-kubereketsa zomera kapena inbreeding ali ndi makhalidwe recessive ndi lalikulu. Ndipo pogawanikana pamawere kumachitika m'njira zotsatirazi: 75% - zomera ndi khalidwe lenileni, otsala 25% - ndi recessive. Mwachidule, ngati zomera kholo ndi maluwa ofiira (lalikulu) ndi maluwa chikasu (recessive khalidwe), mbewu mwana wamkazi adzakhala ndi 3/4 maluwa wofiira, ndi zina - wachikasu.

Chilamulo yachitatu yomwenso ndi yomaliza Mendel, amene amatchedwanso lamulo palokha cholowa mwa onse amatanthauza zotsatirazi: pamene anawoloka homozygous mbewu wokhala ndi makhalidwe awiri kapena zina zosiyana (i.e. Mwachitsanzo, mkulu zomera ndi maluwa ofiira (AABB) ndi otsika zomera ndi chikasu maluwa (aabb), anaphunzira zizindikiro (mapulaniwo msinkhu ndi hue maluwa) ali tinatengera paokha. Mu mawu ena chifukwa cha ndizi akhale wamtali zomera ndi maluwa chikasu (aabb) kapena otsika chofiira (aaBb).

malamulo Mendel a, akanali otsegula pakati pa zaka za m'ma 19, mochuluka Patapita wabweza kuzindikira. Kusankha - Kutengera pa iwo, lonse la chibadwa ano, kenako anamangidwa. Komanso, malamulo Mendel ndi umboni wa zosiyanasiyana lalikulu la mitundu alipo lero.