Chilamulo, kaya cholowa. Mendel malamulo. chibadwa

Chifukwa, ofufuza za sayansi K. Correns, G. de A Vries, E. Cermak mu 1900 anali "anapeza" malamulo a chibadwa, anakonza mu 1865 tate wa sayansi ya chibadwa - Gregor Mendel. Mu zatsopano awo, wasayansi ntchito njira Hybridological imene mfundo za cholowa cha makhalidwe ndi zina zimatha zamoyo anali kukonza. M'nkhaniyi tiona malamulo zofunika kufala chibadwa, kuphunzira chibadwa.

Mendel ndi kafukufuku

Ntchito hybridological njira zinamupatsa kukhazikitsa angapo malamulo, ndiye izi malamulo a Mendel. Mwachitsanzo, unanenedwa ndi ulamuliro wa pachilichonse za hybrids m'badwo woyamba (lamulo loyamba Mendel). Iye ananena kuti mawonetseredwe mfundo za F ₁ hybrids mbali imodzi yokha, olamulidwa ndi khalidwe lalikulu. Choncho, kudutsa zomera za mbewu mtola mitundu amene amasiyana mbewu mtundu (chikasu ndi zobiriwira), onse m'badwo hybrids woyamba anali kokha chikasu mbewu. Komanso onse a anthu amenewa analinso ndi genotype yemweyo (anali heterozygotes).

chilamulo cha tsankho

Kupitiriza mtanda pakati pa chitsanzo anatengedwa kuchokera hybrids m'nthawi ya m'badwo Mendel analandira F ₂ pogawanikana pamawere mbali. M'mawu ena, phenotypically kuzindikiridwa zomera ndi alleles recessive mayeso Mbali (mtundu wobiriwira mbewu) mu kuchuluka kwa gawo limodzi la hybrids onse. Choncho, ufulu mosavomerezeka la cholowa analola Mendel kunachokera kufala limagwirira monga majini lalikulu ndi recessive mu mibadwo ingapo wa hybrids.

Di- ndi poligibridnoe ndizi

Mu zatsopano wotsatira, Mendel kumva zinthu awo kukhazikitsa. Tsopano, chifukwa kudutsa zomera ankatengedwa monga awiri amasiyana, ndipo ambiri awiriawiri zilembo zina. mfundo Scientific anatsatira lalikulu ndi recessive cholowa cha majini ndi zotsatira pogawanikana pamawere analandira, sipangakhalenso umaimiridwa ndi chilinganizo ambiri (3: 1) ^N, kumene N - chiwerengero cha awiriawiri zilembo zina zosiyana kholo anthu. Motero, kwa ziwiri wosakanizidwa mating phenotypically komanso yogawanika wachiwiri m'badwo hybrids adzakhala mawonekedwe: (3: 1) ² = 9: 6: 1 kapena 9: 3: 3: 1. Ndiko kuti, m'badwo wachiwiri wa hybrids zingaoneke amitundu inayi phenotypes: chomera ndi chikasu yosalala (9/16) zace, ndi wamakwinya chikasu (3/16), ndi mbewu zobiriwira yosalala (3/16) ndi wobiriwira litakwinyika (gawo 1/16 ). Choncho lamulo, kaya cholowa analandira umboni wake masamu, ndipo poligibridnoe interbreeding chinaoneka monga penapake monohybrid - "superimposed" pa wina ndi mzake.

Mitundu ya cholowa

Chibadwa, pali mitundu ingapo ya makhalidwe HIV ndi katundu kwa makolo ndi ana. Muyeso yeniyeni apa ndi ulamuliro mawonekedwe Mbali ikuchitika kaya mwa mbewu umodzi - cholowa monogenic, kapena zambiri - polygenic cholowa. Poyamba paja anayang'ana pa lamulo, mosasamala kanthu za cholowa cha makhalidwe kwa rekodi ndi ziwiri wosakanizidwa mating, ndicho woyamba, wachiwiri ndi wachitatu lamulo la Mendel. Tikambirana fomu iyi monga cholowa zogwirizana. maziko ake ongolankhula ndi chiphunzitso cha Thomas Morgan, wotchedwa khromozomu. Asayansi asonyeza kuti, pamodzi ndi zikhumbo kuwapereka kwa ana paokha, pali mitundu ya cholowa ndi autosomal ndi guluu wolimba kugonana zokhudzana.

Mu milandu, ndi zizindikiro zochepa mu munthu mmodzi tinatengera pamodzi monga olamulidwa ndi chibadwa ili mu khromozomu chomwecho n'kuliika pafupi - mzake. Iwo amapanga gulu Mgwirizano amene nambala ofanana haploid ya DNA. Mwachitsanzo, karyotype anthu DNA 46 womwe ndi magulu Mgwirizano 23. Iwo wapezeka kuti ang'onoang'ono mtunda pakati majini pa khromozomu, ndi zochepa kumachitika pakati pa ndondomeko kusinthanitsidwa, imbaenda chodabwitsa cha kusintha chibadwa.

Monga anatengera chibadwa ili pa X khromozomu

Tiyenera kupitiriza kuphunzira chito za cholowa, kumvera ndi chromosomal chiphunzitso cha Morgan. maphunziro majini asonyeza kuti anthu ndi nyama (nsomba, mbalame, nyama) pali gulu la zizindikiro limagwirira cholowa kuti umakhudza ndi pansi payekha onse. Mwachitsanzo, malaya mtundu mu amphaka, mtundu masomphenya ndi clotting magazi anthu akulamuliridwa ndi chibadwa ili mu kugonana X khromozomu. Popeza zopindika lolingana majini anthu phenotypically anawonetseredwa mu mawonekedwe a matenda otengera, mbewu wotchedwa. Zikuphatikizapo amapatsira mwana wake ndi khungu mtundu. Kutsegula Mendel ndi T. Morgan analola kutsatira malamulo a chibadwa m'madera ovuta a anthu monga mankhwala, ulimi, kuswana nyama, zomera ndi tizilombo.

Kubverana majini ndi katundu wawo anatsimikiza

Ndi kafukufuku wamakono chibadwa, chinapezeka kuti malamulo osadalira pa cholowa ali patsogolo, kuyambira chiŵerengero cha "1 jini - 1 chizindikiro", zilirimu, si konsekonse. Mu sayansi tinakhala milandu odziwika kanthu angapo jini ndiponso zimene ankachita nealellnyh akalumikidzidwa awo. mitundu zimenezo zimaphatikizapo epistasis, ndi mapolojekiti, ma polima. Choncho, anapezeka kuti chiwerengero cha melatonin khungu pigment udindo mtundu wake, ukulamulidwa ndi gulu la makhalidwe cholowa. The genotype kwambiri lalikulu la majini anthu udindo kaphatikizidwe wa pigment, ndi mdima khungu. Chitsanzo chimenechi chikusonyeza anachita monga ma polima. Zomera, mawonekedwe cholowa chibadidwe mitundu monga chimanga la banja limene mbewu chekeni polymeric ankalamulira gulu la chibadwa.

Choncho, genotype aliyense chamoyo lili dongosolo lathunthu. Inakhalapo chifukwa cha chitukuko mbiri ya mitundu - phylogeny. Boma la zizindikiro kwambiri ndi mbali yapadera - chifukwa cha ankachita jini, onse allelic ndipo sanali allelic, ndipo zingasokoneze chitukuko cha makhalidwe angapo a chamoyo.