Khrushchev m'firiji pamtunda ndi zotsatira zake

Atamwalira Stalin mu mbiri Soviet, nthawi anayamba anapambana ndi dzanja kuwala kwa wolemba Ili Erenburga amatchedwa "m'firiji pamtunda Khrushchev ndi". Chasintha chiani pa nthawi iyi, ndipo kodi zotsatira za kusintha Khrushchev ali?

olakwika kumatula

Chiyambi cha nyengo yatsopano amalembedwa ndi kusiyidwa mfundo Stalin wa kupondereza. Ndithudi, izi sizikutanthauza kuti kulimbana mphamvu atsogoleri atsopano adzadzikuza ngati njonda. Kale mu 1953 anaonekera mwa utsogoleri gulu (Khrushchev, Beria, Malenkov), kulimbana mphamvu. Zotsatira zake zinali kuchotsa ndi kumangidwa kwa Lavrenty Beria, amene anaphedwa pa mlandu kazitape ndi chiwembu.

Mwachibale kwa nzika wamba a malamulo a Khrushchev ndi anzake yodziwika ndi clotting wa kupondereza. Poyamba anasiya "madokotala choncho" anayamba konzanso akaidi otsala ndale. Kwa atsogoleri Soviet zinadziwika kuti n'zosatheka chete za kupondereza. Chifukwa cha ichi chinali lipoti wotchuka "Pa Stalin Munthu mpatuko ndipo zotsatira zake", umene Khrushchev pa Twentieth Party Congress. Ngakhale kuti lipoti linali chinsinsi, wokhutira anamukwiyira mofulumira wodziwika konsekonse mu dziko. Komabe, mu izi de A-Stalinization mu dera onse ndi kwenikweni inatha. Khrushchev ndi anzake anali odziwa bwino kuti ngati mumachita mu nkhani imeneyi, kampani amaganiza za kusintha lonse Soviet utsogoleri: pambuyo pa zonse, wolankhulayo, ndi anzake atenga mbali kwambiri misa repressions, kusainira kugunda mndandanda ndi ziganizo umaŵirikiza nthaŵi zitatu. Koma ngakhale ngati theka mtima kutsutsa anali pa nthawi bombshell.

Ziwerengero za mabuku ndi luso Khrushchev m'firiji pamtunda anawabweretsa ena leeway. State ulamuliro pa ndondomeko kulenga chayamba kuchepa zimathandiza kuti maonekedwe a ntchito pa nkhani musanayambe zochitikazi taboo Mwachitsanzo, za moyo m'misasa Stalin. Komabe, mwa oyambirira 60s, Khrushchev anali atayamba kagwere mtedza ndi mwachangu kuuza awo pa misonkhano ndi anzeru a. Koma izo zinali mochedwa: a m'firiji pamtunda ku Soviet Union wabwera kale, ndipo musachoke m'gulu la anzeru anayamba mavuto amene maganizo kumusonyeza zomwe zinachititsa kuti zikamera a otsutsa.

Kuchuluka kwa ulamuliro

Kukonza sanathe koma bwanji boma komanso chipani yokha. Akuluakulu Republican ndi mabungwe chipani alandira mphamvu zambiri, kuphatikizapo m'munda wa mapulani a zachuma. Kuyesa zasintha kusintha pa cadres kutsogolera mabungwe chipani zinathera m'chaka kulephera chifukwa kukana kwa nomenklatura lapansi.

Koma luso chofunika kwambiri kuwonongedwa kwa mautumiki ndi gulu la mabungwe a zachuma (chuma mabungwe). Matupi awa zinalengedwa dera la malo 1-2 chifukwa kasamalidwe makampani ndi kumanga. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti mabungwe azachuma kudzakhala bwino woweruza m'deralo, podziwa zosowa za deralo. Komabe, kukonzanso uku walenga mavuto ambiri. Choyamba, mabungwe a zachuma zinthu asamalidwe chimodzimodzi gulu kalembedwe pamene utumiki. Kachiwiri, nthawi zambiri n'kunyalanyaza ya boma kapena madera oyandikana nawo. Choncho, pambuyo Khrushchev, chirichonse zinayambanso kuyenda bwino.

yothandiza anthu, maphunziro, ulimi

dera Social Khrushchev m'firiji pamtunda anakhudza kwambiri. Choyamba, malamulo akhala bwino, chifukwa imene inalipo zaka zaka penshioni, amene Komabe, kodi sikungawononge alimi. Kusintha ndi ndondomeko yake ya mabizinezi: masiku awiri polima.

Kachiwiri, mu dera chikhalidwe anayamba kuthetsa imodzi mwa nkhani chopweteka kwambiri - nyumba. Anaganiza yomanga nyumba misa. Iwo anali ikuchitika mofulumira kwambiri, osati chifukwa cha jakisoni bajeti, koma chifukwa cha cheapness zakuthupi. Zisanu storey mabokosi konkire zinamangidwa kwa masabata. Kumene nyumba zimenezi ndi zambiri zolakwa, koma chifukwa anthu amene ankakhala mu chapansi pa nyumba ndi antchito, izo zinali nyumba zapamwamba. Komabe, ngakhale pa nthawi imeneyo, boma, osati kudalira mphamvu zathu, anali kulimbikitsa chilengedwe cha nyumba co-operatives, kumene nzika kuti padera ndalama yomanga nyumba.

Kukonza ikuchitika dongosolo maphunziro. Pansi pa lamulo latsopano, anayambitsa mokakamizidwa maphunziro 8-chaka. Patatha zaka 8 anakhala kumbuyo desiki sukulu, wophunzirayo akhoza kusankha kumaliza maphunziro awo ku naye kwa zaka zitatu, kapena kupita ku sukulu oyamba, koleji kapena sukulu ntchito. Kunena zoona, kusintha hadadze chifupi yopanga sukulu kuyambira mu sukulu chabe analibe njira zopezera ndalama kupereka ophunzira ntchito yovuta. Chimawononga mayiko dziko anali kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo, amene chinenero cha malangizo a sukulu osankhidwa makolo ndi ophunzira akhoza asamagwire kuphunzira chinenero cha Republic Union. Izi itakula Russification ndi chepetse chiwerengero cha sukulu dziko.

Kuwonjezera dera, anthu Khrushchev m'firiji pamtunda anagwira ndi ulimi. Alimi analandira zitupa ndi ufulu kuyenda. zogula mitengo ya mbewu akhala kuchuluka, amene adakula profitability wa minda ya. Koma apa anali wopanda zolephera anachita. Awa akhoza zimachitika ndi minibasi mbewu ya chimanga, ndi kuphatikiza la minda ya losonkhanitsidwa. Mavuto analengedwa ndi kuwonongedwa kwa makina ndi thalakitala malo. Economy muli zipangizo bwino, koma analowa ngongole yaikulu monga ndalama kupeza ake analibe.

Khrushchev kusintha zasintha kwambiri anthu Soviet, ndipo ambiri a iwo anali mwapang'onopang'ono kwa nthawi. Koma crudity awo ndi chisokonezo pa dzanja limodzi, ndi kukana kwa bureaucracy chipani - pa ena, zinachititsa kulephera kwawo ndi kuthetsa Khrushchev utsogoleri maudindo.