Kuzinga Leningrad: chidwi mfundo. masiku 900 kuzinga Leningrad

Mmodzi wa masamba ambiri yoopsya ya Wamkulu kukonda dziko lako nkhondo akuganiza anatseka misewu ya Leningrad. History wateteza kwambiri za umboni mayeso m'moyo uno lowopsya la mzindawo pa Neva. Leningrad unazunguliridwa ndi ankhondowo lopondereza pafupifupi 900 masiku (September 8, 1941 January 27, 1944). Wa awiri ndi theka anthu mamiliyoni akukhala likulu kumpoto nkhondo isanayambe, pamene anatseka misewu basi njala anthu oposa 600 000, ndi makumi angapo a zikwi nzika anaphedwa ndi mabomba a. Ngakhale kusowa zoopsa chakudya, kwambiri ozizira, kusowa kutentha ndi magetsi, Leningrad molimba mtima anapirira alimbane Nazi ndipo sanapereke mdani mzinda.

Za mzinda anazinga kudzera zaka zambiri

Mu 2014 Russia amakondwerera chikumbutso 70 wa kuzinga Leningrad. Lero, ngati zaka zingapo zapitazo, anthu Russian amalemekeza kwambiri chintchito wa mumzindawo pa Neva. About kuzinga Leningrad olembedwa kwambiri mabuku, anajambula kwambiri wa mabuku ndi mafilimu Mbali. Za chitetezo amunamuna a mzinda kulankhula kwa ana asukulu ndi ophunzira. Bwino m'maganizo mwanu udindo wa anthu amene amapezeka wazunguliridwa ndi asilikali lopondereza mu Leningrad, ife amati inu mutidziwe bwino zochitika okhudzana mafunsidwe wake.

Kuzinga Leningrad: zosangalatsa za kufunika kwa mzinda adani

Analanda dziko Soviet ku Nazi udaikidwa Barbarossa dongosolo. Malinga ndi Anazi anakonza miyezi ingapo kupambana mbali European wa USSR. mzindawo pa Neva Mtsinje pa ntchito ya Soviet Union anachita ntchito yofunika kwambiri, chifukwa Hitler kuti ngati Moscow - mtima wa dziko, ndiye Leningrad - moyo wake. The Mtsogoleri anali wotsimikiza kuti mwamsanga pamene likulu kumpoto adzagwa pansi pa alimbane wa asilikali German lopondereza, ankhondo mzimu wa boma yaikulu wofooka, ndiyeno kudzakhala kotheka mosavuta apambane.

Ngakhale kuti ankatsutsidwa la asilikali wathu, dziko la Germany anakwanitsa kwambiri kusamukira ku dziko ndipo anazungulira mzindawo pa Neva Mtsinje kuchokera kumbali zonse. September 8, 1941 anapita mu mbiri monga tsiku loyamba la kuzinga Leningrad. Ndi pamene maulendo onse m'dziko kunja kwa mzinda analaswa, ndipo ankakhala ndi mdani. Daily Leningrad chinaperekedwa ku shelling, koma sanafooke.

Kumpoto Capital anali mu mphete anazinga pafupifupi 900 masiku. M'mbiri ya anthu, anali yaitali ndi lowopsya kuzinga mzinda. Ngakhale kuti pamaso pa chiyambi cha anatseka misewu ya mumzindawo anasamutsidwa kuchoka ku Leningrad, kumeneko anapitiriza ambiri nzika. Cholowa cha anthu awa adagwa yakusanyika pikulu, ndipo si onse amene anatha kupulumuka mpaka kumasulidwa kwa mumzinda wakwawo.

zowopsya za njala

Pakachitika zonse - si chinthu chowopsya chomwe wopyoza wa Leningrad panthawi ya nkhondo. mankhwala malire mu mzinda anazinga sikunali kokwanira, ndipo zimenezi zinachititsa njala yoopsa. Zoitanitsa chakudya kwa midzi ina chinalepheretsa anatseka misewu ya Leningrad. Chidwi mfundo anasiya nzika za nyengo iyi: anthu wamba zinagwa akukomoka ndi njala mu msewu, kudya n'zosadabwitsa. Ndi imfa kudutsa tsiku lililonse zambiri zalembedwa kuchokera njala, matupi akufa atagona pa misewu, ndipo panalibe wina kuyeretsa.

Chiyambireni cha anatseka misewu ya Leningrad anayamba amvekere makadi chakudya, amene inu mukhoza kutenga mkate. Popeza October 1941 tsiku chakudya antchito anali 400 ga pa munthu ndi ana osaposera zaka 12 zakubadwa, amene amadalira ndi antchito - 200 ga Koma sanali kupulumutsa nzika njala. m'matangadza chakudya anakana mofulumira, ndi November 1941 gawo tsiku la mikate anakakamizika kuchepetsedwa magalamu 250 kwa ogwira ntchito ndipo kuti magalamu 125 pa magulu ena kwa nzika zonse. Chifukwa cha kusowa ufa anali theka kunja zosafunika ndi inedible, zinali wakuda ndi kowawa. Anthu a Leningrad sanadandaule chifukwa iwo chidutswa cha mkate anali kuthawa yekha ku imfa. Koma njala si unatenga masiku 900 kuzinga Leningrad. Kumayambiriro a 1942, gawo tsiku la mikate anakwera, ndipo anakhala kwambiri Mkhalidwe. M'katikati mwa February 1942 mumzindawo pa Neva Mtsinje kwa nthawi yoyamba anapereka soldering mazira mutton ndi ng'ombe. Pang'onopang'ono, zinthu chakudya kumpoto kwa likulu anatha ziziyenda.

anomalous yozizira

Koma osati kukumbukira m'tauni njala anatseka misewu ya Leningrad. mbiri umaphatikizapo mfundo yakuti yozizira ya 1941-1942 kaja ozizira. Frosts mumzinda ankachokera October kuti April ndipo anali wamphamvu kwambiri kuposa zaka zam'mbuyo. Mu miyezi yina, thermometer anagwera madigiri -32. Kukula zinthu ndi snowfalls lolemera: mwa April 1942, kutalika wofuka anali 53 cm.

Ngakhale abnormally yozizira, chifukwa cha kusowa kwa mafuta mu mzinda analephera kuthamanga Kutentha chapakati, munalibe magetsi, madzi anadulidwa. Nyumba mwanjira ofunda, Leningrad ntchito mbaula-masitovu: anatentha ndi zinthu zonse zimene kuwotcha - mabuku, nsanza, mipando yakale. Wotopa ndi njala, anthu sangakhoze kuima kuzizira ndipo anafa. Chiwerengero cha nzika amene anafa chifukwa cha kutopa ndi ozizira, ndi mapeto a February 1942 anthu oposa 200 zikwi.

Malinga ndi "njira ya moyo" ndi moyo wazunguliridwa ndi adani

Mpaka panalibe wathunthu kuchotsa kuzinga Leningrad, njira yokha imene inanyamula zofunikira mzindawo unali Ladoga. Malinga ndi izo, yozizira kusamutsidwa magalimoto ndi yokokedwa ngolo, ndi mu chirimwe padziko koloko anapita Bwato lapansi. Msewu yopapatiza, si kutetezedwa bombardment mlengalenga, anali kugwirizana okha ndi dziko la anazinga Leningrad. Anthu akumeneko otchedwa Nyanja Ladoga "moyo", chifukwa ngati satero, Anazi akuvutika adzakhala yakusatetezeka.

Pafupifupi zaka zitatu unatha kuzinga Leningrad. Chidwi zokhudza nthawi imeneyi zikusonyeza kuti, ngakhale zinthu zoopsa m'moyo mzinda ndinapitirira. Mu Leningrad, ngakhale pa njala opangidwa zida za nkhondo masewera ndi zinthu zochititsa chidwi anatseguka. The makhalidwe wene anathandiza olemba otchuka ndi ndakatulo, amene nthawi zonse amapezeka pa wailesi. Mwa yozizira ya 1942-1943 zinthu ku likulu kumpoto sipanatenge yovuta monga kale. Ngakhale mabomba zonse, moyo kukhazikika Leningrad. Zinatsala mafakitale, masukulu, masewera osambira, anakwanitsa kubwezeretsa madzi mzinda anayamba kupita mabasi ndi magalimoto.

Zosangalatsa za Cathedral St. Isaac ndi amphaka

Patsiku lomaliza la kuzinga Leningrad, iye chinaperekedwa ku shelling zonse. Zipolopolo, bulldoze nyumba ambiri mumzinda, chipani overflew Cathedral St. Isake. Sizikudziwika chifukwa Germany simunandikhudze nyumbayi. Pali maganizo amenewa anagwiritsa ntchito ndi mzikiti mkulu monga mfundo lina la shelling mumzindawo. Chapansi wa Cathedral wa Leningrad anatumikira monga zapamwamba ndalama wapatali zakale, n'cholinga choti apulumutse liziyenda bwino mpaka kumapeto kwa nkhondo.

Osati kokha Nazi anali ndi vuto kwa anthu, zinatha mpaka anatseka misewu ya Leningrad. Chidwi zikusonyeza kuti ku likulu la kumpoto cha nambala yaikulu makoswe chilekano. Iwo anawononga amene m'matangadza zochepa chakudya amene anali mumzindawo. Kuti apulumutse anthu a Leningrad ku kufa ndi njala, iye pa 'msewu wa moyo "wochokera kudera Yaroslavl anali kukanyamula 4 galimoto ndimitambo amphaka, ankaona yabwino makoswe catchers. Nyama mokwanira athane ndi ntchito yawo ndi makoswe pang'onopang'ono kuwonongedwa, chopulumutsa anthu ku njala lotsatira.

Chiwombolo cha mzinda kuchokera magulu ankhondo

Leningrad, kumasulidwa wa Nazi anatseka misewu zinachitika January 27, 1944. asilikali Soviet patapita amanyansidwa iwiri anatha kutaya Nazi ku mzinda. Koma ngakhale kugonjetsedwa kwa Aisiraeli akali pafupi theka woterowu ndi likulu kumpoto. Pomaliza, kukankha mdani wochokera mumzindawo zinali zotheka pambuyo Vyborg ndi Svir-Petrozavodsk zolawula ntchito imachitika Asilikali Soviet m'chilimwe cha 1944.

Kukumbukira kuzinga Leningrad

Pa January 27, Russia amakondwerera tsiku pamene panali kuchotsedwa kwathunthu anatseka misewu ya Leningrad. Mu tsiku ili losaiwalika dziko la atsogoleri, atumiki mpingo ndi nzika wamba kubwera kwa Piskarevskoe manda ku St. Petersburg, kumene mu misa manda kugona zotsalira za masauzande Leningrad amene anafa ndi njala ndi shelling. masiku 900 anatseka misewu ya Leningrad nthawizonse kukhala wakuda tsamba mu mbiriyakale dziko, ndipo kukumbutsa anthu a upandu zauchigaŵenga Fascism.