Penneta grille - njira yachidule mavuto zovuta

Penneta grating anali bungwe la English wasayansi Penneta magawowa yankho la mavuto othandiza chibadwa. Pankhani malo omwewo amene kuphunzira wochititsidwa, mungayesere kulenga chithunzithunzi, kujambula kapena kuwerenga options mu malingaliro. Koma ngati timaphunzira zizindikiro ziwiri kapena zambiri, matchati mwadzaza zizindikiro zachilendo, kumbukirani ma onse sangathe. Izi zikachitika Penneta grille - njira streamline chisankho.

Kuchokera pa malamulo odziŵika a chibadwa, tikudziwa kuti aliyense khalidwe khalidwe la chamoyo chilichonse ndiyotengera mu DNA lapansi. Gawo la molekyulu ake udindo ngati umboni - mbewu. Popeza yonse yochepetsetsa ya thupi lili pakati pake penipeni wachiphamaso ya DNA, likukhalira kuti khalidwe limodzi wakumana ndi jini umodzi, koma panopa kuli pawiri. Iwo akutchedwa alleles. Pozindikira kuti ndi kugonana kubalana maselo (gamete) limapangidwa ya DNA, anagawa ndi awiri, ndi kukumbukira mmene maselo amenewa anapanga mu thupi, ife timvetsetsa kuti aliyense ngati nyongolosi selo angamachite chimodzi kapena chimzake allele. Penneta grille likuthandiza mitundu yonse mwina gametes kwa kholo lililonse. Mbiri yawo pa izo ku mitanda wina ophunzira ndi mbali (zambiri kumanzere) - pa ena. Pa mphambano ya ndime mizere selo ife tikupeza osakaniza chibadwa mbadwa izo zikanakhala kudziwa mmene kumawonetsera imodzi kapena chizindikiro zina.

Kodi iwo

Mfundo ya zomangamanga matebulo awa ali yemweyo, koma ambiri, anaganiza kuonetsetsa zotsatirazi Mitundu Penneta a magulu:

• ofukula-yopingasa;
• otsamira.

Mu chimake choyamba ichi anamanga monga tebulo wamba mizati ndi mizere, ndipo chachiwiri ndi lozenge, imene chapamwamba lateral m'mbali mwa lemba lakuti zotheka makolo gametes. Ntchito mtundu wachiwiri ali osowa.

Mavalidwewa

Monga tanenera kale, Penneta grille ntchito yothetsa mavuto. Ndi mawonekedwe njira bwino kuti amalola kuti kuwerengera ana chifukwa cha chiwerengero cha anthu otchulidwa. Mfundo za yankho la mavuto pa chibadwa akhoza mwachidule motere: kuona mmene jini iliyonse imaonekera. Tikufotokozera genotypes makolo (kuphatikiza majini) tizindikire zimene nyongolosi maselo ungadzakhazikitsidwe pa aliyense wa kholo lake. Lowani deta mu latisi Penneta, ife tikupeza genotypes zonse zitheka kwa ana. Pa iwo mukhoza kuyenda, mmene lidzaonekera lililonse majeremusi chifukwa.

Chitsanzo lophweka: kutalika kwa chibadwa tsitsi amphaka, ife kutanthauza iwo G ndi g. Kuchititsa mtanda kuswana yochepa tsitsi amphaka, kuleza tsitsi mphaka. Long tsitsi jini recessive, kutanthauza kuti kumaonekera kokha boma homozygous, ndiko kuti, mphaka athu akhoza kukhala yekha genotype gg. Koma mphaka zimakhala Gg, ndi GG. Sitingathe kunena pa maonekedwe (fenotayipi), koma tikhoza Pomaliza, ngati kuchokera kwa mphaka ndi tsitsi lalitali kale anabadwa chimodzimodzi monga iye, amphaka, chilinganizo ake - Gg. Zikhale momwemo. Ndipo apa pali latisi losavuta:

Tapeza kuti 50% ya amphaka ali ndi tsitsi lalitali, bambo. Ndipo hafu inayo wamfupi tsitsi lawo, koma kunyamula chibadwa cha kuleza tsitsi, genotypes awo ndi amodzi mayi.