Alleles - kulongosola mfundo, njira mogwirizana

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Genotype zikuphatikizapo zosiyanasiyana majini, womwe kuchita ngati amodzi umodzi. Woyambitsa wa chibadwa Mendel, mu zolemba zake, anafotokoza zimene anapeza munthu mwayi kokha kucheza alleles - pamene pali ulamuliro mtheradi (kuchuluka) mmodzi wa alleles, pamene chachiwiri amakhalabe recessive kwathunthu (chabe, mwachitsanzo sanapange nawo .. mogwirizana). Komabe, kamodzi tinganene kuti mawu phenotypic imene imachititsa (zakunja noticeable view) Mwina osati zimadalira imodzi kapena awiri majini chifukwa chotsatira cha anzake a dongosolo lonse.

Kwenikweni zimavuta mapuloteni ndi michere, koma osati chibadwa.

The zapansi majini amadziŵika wiri zokha basi mogwirizana jini - woyamba lili mu ntchito mogwirizana kwa majini allelic, chachiwiri, motero, sanali allelic. Only bwino ndi mbali zofunika pa nkhaniyi, chifukwa kucheza mfundo iliyonse ku sukulu, ndi mapuloteni amene apanga mu dongosolo apadera a cytoplasm maselo, ndi kuchuluka kwa mapulotini izi mu mamilioni. Pulogalamu wokha, umene apanga ndi mapulotini monga Motero, kukhala mogwirizana kwawo zambiri lagona chibadwa kuti akutumikira malamulo kunja kukhala mu DNA ya selo (organelles ultraskopcheskie maselo).

Kodi majini amatchedwa alleles?

majini Allelic - ndi chibadwa kuti zatenga yemweyo "malo" (kapena loci) mu DNA lapansi. Chamoyo chilichonse wamoyo uli alleles mu awiri. Mogwirizana kwa majini allelic angayambe mu njira zingapo, amene dzina lake: kodominirovanie, superdominance, wathunthu ndi chosakwanira ulamuliro.

majini Allelic kucheza pa maziko a ulamuliro wathunthu ngati lalikulu jini kanthu kwathunthu wofunika recessive. Chosakwanira ulamuliro ubwenzi angatchedwe, limene losokonekera recessive ndi kuletsedwa si kwathunthu ndipo amalandira, ngakhale zochepa, kutenga nawo mbali mu mapangidwe makhalidwe phenotypic.

Kodominirovanie kumachitika ngati majini allelic khama katundu wawo payekhapayekha mzake. Mwina Mwachitsanzo kwambiri fanizo ndi kodominirovaniya dongosolo AB0 magazi amene paokha ntchito onse majini A ndi B.

Superdominance - ndi kuonjezera khalidwe maonekedwe phenotypic la jini lalikulu ngati "molumikizana" ndi recessive. Ndiko kuti, ngati wina allele ndi 2 majini lalikulu, iwo amaoneka woipa kuposa jini lalikulu ili "molumikizana" ndi recessive.

allelism angapo

Monga tanena kale, aliyense amoyo akhale 2 okha alleles allelic jini koma kungakhale oposa awiri - zodabwitsazi amatchedwa angapo allelism. Ingonenani kuti chionetsero phenotypic makhalidwe akhoza kukhala mmodzi yekha awiri alleles, ndiye, pamene ena ntchito, ena mpumulo.

Pafupifupi nthawi zonse magazi (ofanana) allele udindo chitukuko komanso chiwonetsero cha chizindikiro chomwecho, koma amasiyana khalidwe la anasonyeza ake. Komanso allelism angapo chibadidwe zosiyanasiyana mogwirizana mbewu. Kuti, ngakhale kuti ali ndi udindo kwa umboni chomwecho, koma choyamba, kusonyeza izo mu njira zosiyana, ndipo kachiwiri, kudzera njira zosiyanasiyana (full, tsankho ulamuliro, ndi zina zotero).

Zingaoneke, chifukwa chisokonezo ichi? Ndi yosavuta - mu nyongolosi khungu la munthu wamoyo zitha kutenga awiri imodzi alleles magazi, koma zonse zilipo kale zochimwazo kumathetsa choncho. Ndi izi ndi wakwanitsa masiyanidwe a mitundu imene n'chofunikira yaikulu zamoyo wa zamoyo.