Gene masinthidwe. allelism angapo

Angapo allelism ndiyo heterogeneity phenotypic a anthu anthu. Iye, nayenso ndi mmodzi wa zapansi wa zosiyanasiyana jini dziwe. Angapo allelism anachititsa ndi masinthidwe jini, zomwe kusintha ndondomeko ya zapansi nitrogenous mu DNA mu gawo limene limafanana ndi jini yeniyeni. masinthidwe zimenezi zingakhale zoipa, zabwino kapena ndale. Zovulaza kusintha zoyambitsa matenda otengera kwa makolo omwe amagwirizana ndi allelism angapo. Mwachitsanzo, odziwika kusintha zomwe kumasintha dongosolo la mmodzi wa hemoglobin unyolo mapuloteni ndi yosintha glutamic asidi malamulo code valine (kwa amino acid) mu jini pa gawo mapeto. Chifukwa cha kusintha kusiyana chosayenerera ili kumtundu zenga selo magazi m'thupi. Superdominance chifukwa chakuti boma heterozygous, wamphamvu akuti maselo lalikulu kuposa homozygous. chodabwitsa Izi anachitira ndi zotsatira heterosis ndi akulumikizana ndi mbali monga nthawi okwana moyo, viability ndi ena. Anthu, monga eukaryotes zina, allelism angapo kuzindikiridwa zosiyanasiyana. Palinso ambiri makhalidwe Mendelian amene anatsimikiza mtima ankachita osiyana. Alleles - mitundu iwiri yosiyana, munthu chofuna kuchita jini yemweyo, amene ankakhala mu DNA magazi m'madera amodzimodzi.

Pamene yotani cholowa malamulo Mendelian, munthu kuwerengera Mwina ana ndi chimodzi kapena chimzake mawerengeredwe Mbali. Kudziwa makhalidwe a kusinthika kuchokera ku mibadwo ngati yabwino kwambiri njira methodological amachita mibadwo njira, ozikidwa pa ntchito yomanga pedigrees.

Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti pa phenotypic mawu a mbewu limodzi kusintha majini ena. Monga zitsanzo za ankachita zovuta jini akhoza kupanga malamulo cholowa dongosolo RH Chinthu: RH zoipa ndi RH positive. Mu maphunziro mu 1939, chaka magazi seramu wa mtima, amene anabereka mwana wakufa, ndi chimene chinali mu mbiri ya magazi mwamuna n'zogwirizana ABO chitetezo gulu anali wapezeka. Iwo ankatchedwa RH chitetezo, ndi gulu magazi a wodwalayo - RH-negative. RH HIV magazi gulu anatsimikiza ndi kukhalapo padziko erythrocyte gulu lapadera la antigens amene ndiyotengera ndi chibadwa structural ikuchitika. Nawonso, kunyamula zokhudza polypeptides Kakhungu.

Zimathandiza kuchepetsa kwambiri viability ndi zotsatira mu imfa yathupi majini woopsa. Iwo yagawidwa magulu awiri. Choyamba ndi chibadwa recessive. Zoyambitsa imfa ya thupi yekha mu boma homozygous. Mu Gulu lachiwiri ndi chibadwa lalikulu. zimakhudza awo n'zotheka ndi boma heterozygous.

Chiwonetsero cha chibadwa woopsa zingaoneke pamisinkhu yosiyanasiyana chitukuko payekha. Ndi magawo oyambirira (yoopsa imfa), ndi magawo mochedwa kwambiri (yoopsa imfa, n'zothandiza padera, kubadwa kwa mizukwa nonviable). Kuwonjezera imfa, wodziwika ndi chibadwa theka woopsa. Iwo alibe chifukwa imfa ya msanga wa chamoyo, koma kwambiri kumachepetsa viability ake.

Lalikulu majini woopsa alipo zedi laling'ono kwambiri poyerekeza recessive. Pakuti gulu lalikulu ndi Merle china. Onyamula majini lalikulu , ngati n'koyenera, mosavuta kuchotsedwa kuswana, popeza ali fenotayipi khalidwe. Gawo la jini woopsa amakwiya anomaly aakulu, gawo lina - matenda ndondomeko zokhudza thupi.