Pazachuma

Today, chuma mwachionekere awulule mumaganiza awiri: kulimbitsa chuma dziko, kudalirana wake mwadongosolo, ndipo rapprochement zachuma pakati pa mayiko pa maiko oyandikana.

Economic kusakanikirana - kuyanjana kwa mayiko pa mlingo andale ndi azachuma, mwa chilengedwe ndi chitukuko cha gulu lonse za ntchito ndi ubale wa maiko munthu chuma. mogwirizana limayamba ndi mgwirizano wa mabungwe ang'onoang'ono a maiko oyandikana (mwachitsanzo, kudzera kukhazikitsidwa kwa bulanchi kunja). Pa zazikulu mlingo kusakanikirana chikuchitika mu mawonekedwe a chilengedwe cha madera a zachuma ndi mayiko osiyana ndi pogwirizanitsa ndondomeko dziko.

pazachuma mlingo yaying'ono ndi zazikulu amafuna boma malamulo, ndi zina - ndi supranational. Cholinga cha lamulo limeneli ndi kuonetsetsa kuti ufulu kayendedwe ka chuma, ndalama likulu ndi ntchito (ogwira ntchito) pakati pa mayiko osiyana; limodzi zachuma, chuma, ndalama, chikhalidwe, za sayansi, luso, chitetezo ndi mfundo yachilendo. Chifukwa, limatipatsa kugula maofesi mabuku ndi zomangamanga limodzi, dongosolo ndalama wamba ndalama ndi matupi a kasamalidwe Interstate ndalama.

pazachuma kusiyana mchikakamizo cha osakaniza zifukwa zambiri. Ena mwa iwo ndi zofunika ndi: kudalirana kwa chuma, chitukuko cha patsogolo sayansi ndi luso, gulu la ntchito pa mlingo wa mayiko, omasukirana a chuma cha dziko. zinthu izi zonse ndi zogwirizana ndi modalirana.

Luso yachangu ya pazachuma zikuchitika pa maiko oyandikana. Natenepa lero kachitidwe chachikulu cha kudalirana kwa zachuma ndi mapangidwe padziko mayiko ndi kusakanikirana m'madera megablocks. Zitsanzo za US zikhale m'gawo la America, Japan, mu mgwirizano ndi United States - m'dera Pacific, ambiri m'mayiko otukuka wa West.

pazachuma zimapangitsa kuti chuma dziko amafuna kuonjezera chilungamo awo. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo iwo kwambiri okhudzidwa mu mchitidwe wa mgwirizano wa mayiko, easing yosaloledwa kayendedwe ka chuma, ntchito ndi likulu pakati pa maiko awiri, convertibility a ndalama zawo.

Kodi ndi zinthu pazachuma kulibe? Mawonekedwe losavuta ndi zone za ufulu wochita malonda, amene anachotsa chiletso pakati pa zipani (maiko). kuchititsa ndondomeko palokha amaloledwa timakhala ndi maiko lachitatu. Ndi mawonekedwe a EU anayamba lero ndi Latin American dera panthawi imeneyi chitukuko.

Kenako mawonekedwe - kasitomu mgwirizano, amene pamodzi ndi zone ya malonda ufulu amafuna kukhazikitsidwa kwa tariff wamba malonda ndi wamba mfundo yachilendo mwachibale kwa kunja Union. Part miyambo mgwirizano wodzilemekeza ndi malipiro magawowa convertibility a ndalama ndi kufalitsa ndalama imodzi.

A mtundu zovuta zambiri - msika wamba, amene amaonetsetsa Kupha zopinga kuti kayendedwe ka zinthu kupanga ndi kugwirizana ndondomeko ya zachuma ndi cholinga zokwanira chiwerengero cha mayiko. Mu mawonekedwe kusakanikirana ndi matenda (supranational) akuluakulu ndipo anayamba zachuma, pazankhani ndi malamulo danga umodzi.

Pa apamwamba mlingo wa chitukuko cha mapangidwe chuma (mfundo wamba chuma) ndi ndalama (olowa makope ndalama dziko, mitengo mapulani ndiye chilengedwe cha ndalama limodzi ndi banki) okhaokha. mitundu imeneyi ndi zenizeni mayiko a kumadzulo kwa Ulaya.

Yotsirizira mawonekedwe - zonse zachuma kusakanikirana, imene malamulo wogwirizana, kukhazikitsa mfundo wamba, malamulo ntchito, etc.