Alkaloid - ndi ... gulu la alkaloids, khalidwe

Kuyambira kale, anthu akhala akugwiritsa ntchito zosakaniza mankhwala kuti muchepetse ululu ndi muchisiye matenda ndi matenda. Komabe, kafukufuku ndi zikuchokera chigawo, ndi Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa mankhwala amene ali ndi zotsatira otero zotheka ndi chitukuko waukulu ndi chachikulu zimapangidwira sayansi, ndiko kuti, m'zaka za m'ma XVII.

Zinali ndiye mu kuya kwa zamoyo zomera, ndi lero, ndi ku nyama zina, anatulukira asafe munali mankhwala organic, omwe akutipatsa chotero lonse achire zotsatira. Kuyambira 1819 dzina wamba gulu ili la zinthu - alkaloids. Mavesi V.Meysnerom, pharmacist ndi dokotala.

Kodi alkaloid?

Panopa anavomereza kuti alkaloid - ndi ozungulira pawiri munali amapanga mphete kapena mbali unyolo chimodzi kapena zingapo asafe maatomu ndi chikhalidwe mankhwala zimatha osauka a alkalis ofooka, monga ammonia. Poyamba otchulidwa tanthauzo la zinthu zimenezi monga ena ofanana asafe m'munsi mwa pyridine. Komabe, chiwerengero cha mankhwala a gulu patapita anaonera, amene anasonyeza kuti kutanthauzira zimenezo si zoona kwathunthu, ndipo sifikira zosiyanasiyana lonse la alkaloids.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba nkhaniyi wakhala analandira n'kuona mu 1803 asayansi Dersonom. Icho chinali morphine anachokera ku bongo. Kenako, payekhapayekha mzake, asayansi ambiri apeza zingapo zovuta mankhwala heterocyclic kuchokera ku mbewu. Kotero ine ndinali kuganiza kuti mankhwala alkaloid- makamaka chiyambi achilengedwe. Chifukwa amapangidwa okha zomera.

Mipweya ya mamolekyulu ndi

Ndi chikhalidwe chawo mankhwala, izi mankhwala - ndi asafe munali organic mankhwala okhala asafe maatomu mu heterocycles zovuta, cholukanalukana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kumangidwa ndiponso zimene ankachita.

Zomera, iwo kuima mu zikuchokera salt zidulo ena:

• malic;
• vinyo;
• oxalic;
• acetic ndi ena.

Ngati chinthu choyera wosiyana mchere, n'zotheka kulandira alkaloid monga crystalline ufa, ndipo n'zotheka kupanga dongosolo madzi (chikonga). Mu izi, ndipo ngati wina - ndi zamchere pawiri naonetsere katundu yoyenera mankhwala.

Ndiko kuti, kapangidwe ka alkaloids zodziwika ndi zomveka bwino. Mwachitsanzo, njira chimafotokozera zomwe iwo akhoza olekanitsidwa zinthu mbewu. Iwo zochokera solubility salt wa alkaloids mu madzi, monga mankhwala koyera pafupifupi insoluble m'madzi, koma bwino kuchita izo mu mankhwala ndiponso.

chiwerengero cha zochita zimachitika ntchito payekha kuphunzira mankhwala amenewa amatchedwa alkaloid.

1. Chamvula. Chisoni, potengera mapangidwe ndi mchere insoluble la alkaloid, amene precipitates. Zimenezi zitheke pogwiritsa ntchito zigawo izi: utoto, asidi picric kapena phosphotungstic asidi molybdic.
2. Chamvula. Chisoni, potengera mapangidwe a mchere zovuta ndi mankhwala alkaloid. Reagents: kolorayidi mercuric, potaziyamu iodide kapena bismuth.
3. Kudetsa. Pamene maganizo ake ndi otani kusintha alkaloid ndipo akhala noticeable zikuchokera wonse. Mfundo kanthu - zimakhudza motani heterocycles maonekedwe a mtundu. Reagents: Asidiyu nitric, asidi sulfuric, hydroxide mkuwa, mkuwa (II) -precipitated.

Nthawi zambiri kudetsa zochita musataye zotsatira zolondola, monga mbali ya alkaloids heterocyclic ofanana ndi a mamolekyulu mapuloteni. Chotero zotsatira chomwecho.

gulu la alkaloids

Kodi ndi magulu zidzasankhidwa mankhwala onse amene akudziwika wa gulu limeneli, ndiyo mtundu wa alkaloids, mankhwala akuphatikizapo. Gawo chinalengedwa academician AP Orekhov ndi yankholo maziko a mtundu ndiponso dongosolo la heterocycle ndi asafe maatomu m'menemo.

1. Pyrrolidine, pyrrolizidine, ndi ena ofanana zace. gulu lino monga alkaloids monga platifillin, Sarrazin, senetsifillin ndi ena. Maziko Kapangidwe ka zovuta heterocycles zisanu ziwalo nadzaphatikizana ndi mzake, lomwe dongosolo chikuphatikizapo asafe atomu.
2. Piperidine ndi pyridine opangidwa kuchokera zace. Oimira anabasine, lobeline. Maziko - zisanu ndi ziwalo m'zinthu zovuta ndi asafe.
3. Quinolizidine ndi mankhwala ake. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo: pahikarpin, termopsin ndi ena. Chemical maziko zovuta heterocycles zisanu ndi ziwalo, inakula ndi asafe.
4. Quinoline - kwinini, echinopsine.
5. Gulu zofunika za alkaloids sizachilendo - isoquinoline mankhwala. Salsalin, morphine ndi papaverine - ankagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala. Izi iwonso zikuphatikizapo alkaloids zomera barberry, Maçka ndi celandine.
6. Mankhwala ovuta kwambiri dongosolo tropane zotumphukira - hyoscyamine, atropine, scopolamine. Kapangidwe ankaimira kovuta zinaphatikizidwa, zapiringizana pyrrolidine ndi piperidine mphete.
7. Indole ndiponso mankhwala - reserpine, strychnine, vinblastine, ndi ena. A kuphatikiza zovuta za five- ndi zisanu ndi ziwalo mphete ndi maatomu asafe mu dongosolo la.
8. The alkaloid waukulu makampani chakudya ndi mankhwala - Kafeini masamba tiyi ndi mbewu za mtengo mbewu. Izi zikufanana ndi ena ofanana purine - zovuta mankhwala a heterocycles zosiyanasiyana ndipo maatomu enanso asafe mu zikuchokera.
9. Ephedrine ndi mankhwala ake - sferofizin, colchicine ndi kolhamin. Dzina mankhwala ephedrine, kuganizira zovuta matabwa ake, fenilmetilaminopropanol - kuipidwa organic onunkhira mowa.
10. Mu zaka zapitazo, anaganiza kuonetsetsa kuti ena zinthu alkaloids gulu la mankhwala - corticosteroids timadzi kugonana.

thupi katundu

Makhalidwe chachikulu cha gulu ili akuphatikizapo kutha kupasuka mu zakumwa zosiyanasiyana ndi boma akaphatikiza pa zinthu muyezo.

Firiji alipidwa alkaloid - ndi crystalline olimba. Mtundu ndi fungo, monga ulamuliro, mulibe. Pa m'kamwa, makamaka owawa, astringent, zosasangalatsa. Kuonetsa ntchito kuwala mu njira.

Ena mwa zinthu zomwezi madzi pa zinthu muyezo - ndi anoxic alkaloids 200 mitundu. Mwachitsanzo, chikonga, pahikarpin, coniine.

Ngati ife kulankhula za solubility mu madzi, zikhoza kutero okha kwathunthu tiyi kapena khofi, ephedrine, ergometrine. Ena m'gulu la mankhwala sungunuka okha zakumwa organic (solvents).

Action pa thupi la munthu

Alkaloid - mankhwala amene ali ndi zotsatira kwambiri anthu ndi nyama. Kodi polojekitiyi?

1. amadza Kwambiri ali wamanjenje dongosolo, kutha kwa maselo mitsempha, synapses, njira mtundu. M'madera deta ya thupi magulu osiyana alkaloids zinthu monga mankhwala, psychotropics, reflex chikhalidwe, antitussives, ogalamutsa, chomwa mankhwalawa, analgesics. Pamene ntchito bwino mankhwala zolinga ndi mosamalitsa dosed ndi molondola, zotsatira zingatipindulitse. Komabe, ambiri osokoneza zing'onozing'ono kungayambitse mavuto aakulu kwambiri ndiponso oopsa.
2. The kanthu pa dongosolo mtima - odana arrhythmic, bwino magazi, antispasmodic, hypotensive, choleretic.

Ngati pa maziko a mankhwala alkaloid ntchito zosayenera kapena popanda kutsatira mlingo zofunika, angachititse zotsatirazi:

• mkhutu masomphenya ndi kumva;
• kupuma kulephera, zikayamba;
• chizungulire, nseru, kusanza;
• magazi;
• youma pakamwa;
• kuwonjezereka lakuthwa kapena kuchepa magazi;
• aakulu imfa poizoni.

A mbali yofunika kwambiri alkaloids mu zotsatira zawo zokhudza thupi pa munthu ndi poizoni, wamphamvu, kuchititsa zopweteka ndi imfa (strychnine, morphine, belladonnin). Wina gawo - chomwa mankhwalawa mankhwala amene amayambitsa kusiya. Psychological, maganizo ndi thupi (fodya, tiyi kapena khofi, mankhwala ozunguza bongo). Choncho, mankhwala muyenera kuchita zinthu mosamala kwambiri ndiponso yekha ntchito malangizo ndi mankhwala.

The ntchito mankhwala

Mderali zomera munali alkaloids - ndi maziko mankhwala ambiri yotakata-sipekitiramu, kapena M'malo mwake, kwambiri apadera. Pamaziko a zomangira yaiwisi okonzeka suppositories, infusions, mapiritsi, njira ampoule. kanthu umalimbana zochizira matenda a mtima, kupuma, mantha dongosolo ndi mapeto matenda a m'maganizo. Komanso zochizira dongosolo m'mimba, monga kulera matenda oncological, kuthetsa mowa bongo ndi zinthu zina zambiri.

Lomwe lili ndi alkaloids mu chikhalidwe?

Mu pompo-pompo alkaloids muli zitsamba za mankhwala ndi zomera. Lero amadziwika okolo10000 maina a zinthu zimenezi ndipo pafupifupi onse a iwo yotengedwa ndendende ku zomangira yaiwisi.

M'madera a bowa, maselo bakiteriya, algae, echinoderms alkaloids anapeza. mankhwala alkaloid anali yotengedwa chikhalidwe cha maselo ena nyama, koma iwo ali ochepa.

Choncho zikuoneka kuti katundu chachikulu, sizidzatha gwero la zinthu zimenezi mankhwala zolinga, moyo wa munthu, makampani - ndi zomera munali alkaloids.

zomera mankhwala

ndi zomera zimene? Iwo Kwenikweni, ambiri kutchula zonse. Komabe, mukhoza dzina ambiri ndipo samasowa mwa munthu.

1. Ragwort ploskolistny - alkaloid platifillin ndi senetsifillin - sedative ndi zotsatira spasmolytic pa thupi, ntchito kulenga medicaments lolingana.
2. Belladona sylvestris ku banja Solanaceae. Nkofunika kuti chomera mankhwala. Belladona alkaloids - atropine ndi belladonnin. Kukonzekera zochokera zosakaniza therere Zimachititsa chapakati mantha dongosolo, yotithandiza ntchito m'maganizo ndi m'thupi, kuwonjezera ntchito ndi kupirira. Adzalandira spasmolytic ndi analgesic zotsatira. Pamaziko a Tingafinye wa mbewu udzakhazikitsidwe madontho mankhwala, tinctures ndi makandulo.
3. Belém wakuda. Kwathunthu chomera chakupha, ziwalo zanga zonse ali oopsa. Alkaloids - hyoscyamine ndipo scopolamine. Ntchito zochizira matenda a ubongo ndi matenda apaulendo.
4. Celandine. Sizachilendo mu dziko lathu mbewu. Komabe, ili ndi alkaloids Quinolizidine, pahikarpin, saponin, termopsin ndi ena. Kwambiri poizoni ngati ntchito molakwika.
5. Alkaloids zomera papaveraceous anayesedwa awiri khumi. Izi osokoneza bongo morphine, narcotine, papaverine, thebaine, codeine wokwana, ndi ena ofanana ena isoquinoline. mmene komanso kufunika ankaona payokha.
6. Passionflower myasokrasnaya. Lili angapo alkaloids, indole ofanana nawo. Iwo ali amphamvu sedative kwenikweni.
7. Ergot. Mwapadera analenga chikhalidwe cha ichi bowa tiziromboti wowononga mbewu ya rye, ndi kuti apange alkaloids wamphamvu. Iwo ergotamine ndi ergometrine, ndi wina mitundu 18. Ntchito mankhwala (makamaka matenda achikazi).
8. Rauwolfia Njoka - mizu ya zomera zili alkaloids zoposa 50, ntchito zochizira matenda a mtima, kuphatikizapo matenda oopsa.

Zitsamba ndi zomera - malo ofunika kwambiri a mankhwala amakono. Ndipotu kwambiri pa zinthu apanga zachokera zipangizo zachilengedwe yaiwisi. Akhala kuyambira nthawi zakale ndipo sindinataye kufunika chawo pa anthu lero. M'malo mwake, pa nthawi, anthu amafunitsitsa kwambiri kupeza ndi kuona chigawo zikuchokera zomera amenewa kuti apeze chinachake zofunika, chinthu china chimene chingatithandize kuthetsa matenda ambiri osachiritsika.

The alkaloid ambiri

Anthu ankaona kuti ndilochokera ku Opium - codeine. N'zotheka kuonetsetsa zochita mankhwala apadera morphine. Poyerekeza ndi iwowa, ndi otetezeka ntchito, monga kuchitapo kanthu zofewa. Komabe, mphamvu monga analgesic ndi, antitussive, sedative mankhwala moipirapo kuposa morphine kapena kumwa yokha.

Choncho, mankhwala codeine wokwana zili sizachilendo mankhwala ndi ntchito ndi anthu a m'mayiko onse. The malire kokha - ndi mlingo. Iwo ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa malangizo ndi moyang'aniridwa ndi achipatala.

Opium ndi alkaloids ake

Opiates - monga mankhwala ndi umagwirira otchedwa onse Opium alkaloids, zimenezi mwa izo olekanitsidwa ndi apanga ofotokoza. Kodi kugwirizana? Mwatsoka, tsopano milomo pafupifupi aliyense, ndipo sikuti nthawi zonse ndi mbiri yabwino ndi Ndinu woyenera, ntchito bwino. Awa ndi alkaloids, monga:

• morphine;
• papaverine;
• heroin;
• codeine.

Mu mankhwala, zinthu zimenezi ntchito ngati antitussives, analgesics, mankhwala. Codeine wokwana ofotokoza ngakhale analenga angapo mankhwala kwa chimfine ana.

Komabe, mankhwala osiyanasiyana osokoneza bongo monga ndi heroin, ntchito osati zolinga mankhwala, komanso mankhwala waukulu zoledzeletsa. Amayambitsa kudalira lowopsya la thupi ndipo pa nthawi zingachititse mavuto aakulu thanzi, ngakhale miyoyo ya anthu.