Pa zimene okwera makina zouluka, kanjira mawerengedwe, liwiro ndi malangizo a gulu

Monga mipando mu bwalo lamasewera kulola tione osiyana pa chifaniziro cha zili m'njira zosiyanasiyana nthambi ya kupereka imeneyo, omwe cholinga chake. Ena amaoneka kuti atapachikidwa pamwamba mfundo, iwo kupereka ndemanga zonse mbali imodzi ya Dziko Lapansi, pamene ena kukuzungulira kuzungulira dziko lathuli, tsiku lina zikulilima pa malo angapo.

mitundu ya m'mipita

Pa zimene okwera zouluka makina? Pali 3 mitundu Earth ukuzungulira: mkulu, sing'anga ndi otsika. Pa m'malekezero mkulu pamwamba ndi zambiri ambiri nyengo ndi zina nthambi kulankhulana. Makina makina sing'anga lapansi kanjira monga navigation ndi wapadera anaikira kuyan'anila chigawo yeniyeni. Ambiri sayansi spacecraft, kuphatikizapo dongosolo polojekiti kuti zombo padziko NASA Lapansi, ndi mu kanjira otsika.

Kanthu momwe mkulu ukuuluka makina zimadalira liwiro m'gulu lawo. Pamene mudzayandikira Lapansi yokoka Amakhala ndi mofulumira kuyenda. Mwachitsanzo, NASA Aqua Kanema limatenga 99 Mphindi kuuluka pa dziko pa za 705 Km, ndi unit nyengo, ndi akumidzi 35786 Km from pamwamba, izo kungafune maola 23, mphindi 56 masekondi 4. Pa mtunda wa 384.403 kukafika ku likulu la dziko Moon anamaliza zisinthe mwa masiku 28.

kuuluka bwino potsatira njira chododometsa

Kanema okwera kusintha komanso modifies mu liwiro kanjira. Apa pali chododometsa. Ngati ilili woyendetsa akufuna kuonjezera liwiro lake, iye sangakhoze basi kuthamanga injini kwa mathamangitsidwe. Izi kuonjezera kanjira (ndi kutalika), Izi zidzapangitsa kuti kuchepa mu liwiro. M'malo mwake, muyenera kuthamanga injini zosiyana za kayendedwe ya mwezi wa mwachitsanzo. E. Kuti achite zimenezi kuti m'mbuyo kusuntha galimoto Padziko Lapansi. Zimenezi kudzalimbikitsa m'munsimu zomwe zingawonjezere liwiro la.

Features m'mipita

Kuwonjezera kumwamba, njira za kayendedwe ya mwezi wa amakhala ndi eccentricity tilili. Choyamba chikukhudza mpangidwe wa mpita wa. Satellite otsika eccentricity chimachititsanso pamodzi njira yodutsamo pafupi zozungulira. Kanjira eccentric ndi elliptical. Mtunda kuchokera spacecraft Padziko Lapansi zimadalira udindo wake.

Wofuna - ngodya wa mpita ndi ulemu kwa dziko. Ilili, amene zimayenda mwachindunji pa equator, ali otsetsereka ziro. Ngati spacecraft utadutsa kumpoto ndi mizati kum'mwera (chirengedwe ndi maginito ayi), maganizo ake ndi 90 °.

Onse pamodzi - kutalika, eccentricity tilili - kudziwa zoyenda ya mwezi ndi monga mfundo zake view lidzaonekera lapansi.

mkulu-Earth

Pamene ilili ukufika ndendende 42164 kukafika ku likulu lapansi (za 36 chikwi. Km kuchokera pamwamba), Lifikira zone kumene likukwaniritsa kasinthasintha mpita wa dziko. Monga chimachititsanso makina pa liwiro mofanana Earth, ndiye. E. Zake nthawi zingapo ndi maola 24, zikuoneka kuti iye ali pa malo pa longitude limodzi, ngakhale amakakamizidwa kuchoka kumpoto chakum'mwera. Izi wapadera mkulu kanjira amatchedwa geosynchronous.

Ilili chimachititsanso mu kanjira zozungulira mwachindunji pamwamba pa equator (a eccentricity tilili ziro) poyerekeza ndi Dziko Lapansi Liima. Iye nthawizonse kumtunda mfundo yomweyi pamwamba pake.

Geostationary kanjira wapatali kwambiri kwa polojekiti nyengo, monga makina adalira kupereka mwachidule mosalekeza m'dera lomweli pamwamba. M'mphindi zingapo zilizonse Edzi nyengo, monga ukupita, kupereka uthenga mitambo, nthunzi ya madzi kapena mphepo, ndi otaya zonse uthenga maziko polojekiti ndi nyengo kulosera.

Komanso zipangizo Geo angakhale othandiza kulankhulana (telephony TV, wailesi). Mbaenda makina kupereka kufufuza ntchito ndi opulumutsa chabwino, ntchito kukathandiza kufufuza za sitima ndi ndege m'mavuto.

Pomaliza, ambiri vysokoorbitalnyh Earth makina ndi polojekiti ntchito dzuwa ndi kuwunika pa kaperekedwe ka mphamvu ya maginito ndi cheza.

The mawerengedwe a kutalika kwa kanjira geostationary

Ilili ukugwira centripetal mphamvu F _tsa = (M ndime ₁ ²⁾ / R ndi Mphamvu mphamvu F _T = (GM ₁ M ₂₎ / R ^2. Popeza mphamvu zimenezi ofanana, n'zotheka opotoka mbali chabwino ndi kuwanyeketsa ndi kuwatsiriza, misa M _1. Chifukwa ndi anthu aone kuti pali v ² = (GM ²⁾ / R. Choncho mathamangidwe ndime = ((GM ₂₎ / R) ^1/2

Popeza kanjira geostationary ndi bwalo 2πr kutalika mathamangidwe yozungulira ndi ndime = 2πR / T.

Choncho, R ³ = T ² GM / (4π ^2).

Popeza T = 8,64x10 ^4, G = 6,673x10 ^-11 NM ² / kg ^2, M = 5,98x10 ²⁴ makilogalamu, ndiye R = 4,23x10 ⁷ mamita Kuchotsera ku R. utali wozungulira Earth, ofanana 6,38x10 ⁶ m, n'zotheka kudziwa okwera makina ntchentche atapachikidwa pa nsonga imodzi ya pamwamba - 3,59x10 ⁷ m.

Lagrange mfundo

Zina zili m'njira Great ndi Lagrange mfundo kumene mphamvu yokoka Dziko Lapansi imalipidwa ndi yokoka Dzuwa. Onse amene alipo, mofanana anakopeka matupi akumwamba amenewa ndi imazungulira ndi dziko lathuli mozungulira nyenyezi.

Mfundo zisanu Lagrangian mu dongosolo Sun-Earth okha awiri otsiriza, wotchedwa L5 ndi L4, ndi khola. Mu mpumulo ya mwezi uli ngati mpira kugwirizanitsa pamwamba pa phiri lotsetsereka: iliyonse perturbation pang'ono adzakankha iye. Kukhalabe boma moyenera, ndi spacecraft akufunikira kusintha nthawi zonse. Mfundo otsiriza awiri a Lagrange makina akuyerekezedwa ndi mpira mu mpira: ngakhale patapita chisokonezo, iwo adzabwerera.

L1 lili pakati pa dziko ndi dzuwa, amalola makina amene ali mmenemo, ndi mwachidule nthawi zonse nyenyezi wathu. The SOHO dzuwa Observatory, NASA Kanema, ndi European Space Agency younikira dzuwa ku woyamba Lagrange mfundo oposa 1.5 miliyoni makilomita ku Earth.

L2 ili pa mtunda wofanana ku Earth, koma ndi kumbuyo kwake. Makina mderali amafuna chimodzi chokha zotchinga kutentha kuteteza ku kuwala dzuwa ndi kutentha. Izi ndi malo abwino kwa telesikopu malo, ntchito kuphunzira chikhalidwe cha dziko lonse kudzera kuzipenya wa mayikirowevu maziko poizoniyu.

A lachitatu Lagrangian mfundo ili patsogolo pa Dziko Lapansi mbali ina ya dzuwa, kotero kuti kuunika nthawi zonse pakati pa iye ndi dziko lathuli. Ilili mu udindo uwu sadzatha kulankhula ndi Earth.

khola kwambiri wachinayi ndi wachisanu Lagrange mfundo njira yozungulira wa dzikoli 60 ° kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo Earth.

Sing'anga lapansi kanjira

Kukhala pafupi ndi dziko lapansi, makina kusuntha mofulumira. Pali awiri sing'anga-Earth kanjira: theka-synchronous, ndi "mphezi."

Pa zimene okwera ukuuluka makina, yomwe ili pa kanjira theka-synchronous? Ndi pafupifupi zozungulira (otsika eccentricity) ndi kuchotsedwa kwa mtunda 26560 kukafika ku likulu lapansi (za 20200 kuchokera pamwamba pa). Satellite pa okwera limapanganawo kasinthasintha wathunthu mawola 12. Pafupifupi magulu ake Earth imazungulira pansi. H 24 ndipo intersects mfundo ziwiri zofanana pa dziko. kanjira izi mogwirizana ndi kwambiri m'tsogolo. dongosolo amagwiritsa lonse pamalo GPS.

Mpita "Mphezi" (ndingaliro 63,4 °) ntchito kusunga mu M'madera a zitunda mkulu. makina Geostationary amagwira kwa equator, kotero iwo sali oyenera kutali kumpoto kapena kum'mwera. kanjira Izi eccentric ndithu: ndi spacecraft limayenda m'njira imene ellipse elongated ndi Lapansi, kufupi ndi m'mphepete wina. Popeza Kanema ndi inapita patsogolo chifukwa cha mphamvu yokoka, limayenda mofulumira kwambiri pamene ali pafupi lathuli. Pamene inu kuchotsa liwiro la kubweza pansi, amagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri pamwamba pa kanjira mu kutali m'mphepete mwa Earth, mtunda umene angafikire 40 chikwi. Km. yozungulira nthawi ndi maola 12, koma kulandilidwa ndi mphambu ziwili za nthawi ilili amathera pa Chigawo chimodzi. Ngati theka-synchronous kanjira Kanema umadutsa njira yomweyo mawola 24. Izo ntchito kulankhulana kumpoto kapena kum'mwera.

otsika Earth

Ambiri makina sayansi, ambiri nyengo ndi danga siteshoni ali pafupi-zozungulira otsika Earth kanjira. zolingalira zawo zimadalira kuyan'anila zimene akuchita. TRMM unayambitsidwa kwa polojekiti zamvula, kotero ali ndi wotsika ndingaliro (35 °), pamene otsala pafupi dziko.

kuzipenya ambiri ku NASA makina ndi pafupifupi kumalo ozizira kanjira vysokonaklonnuyu. Ukusunthira spacecraft mozungulira dziko lapansi kuchokera mzati ndi mzati ndi nthawi ya mphindi 99. Theka nthawi utadutsa mbali masana a dzikoli, ndi Bwezerani usiku pa mtengo.

Monga chisonyezo ya mwezi Dziko Lapansi imazungulira pansi. Ndi nthawi unit akulowa gawo aunika, ndi pa dera pafupi ndi dera ndimeyi wa mpita wake wotsiriza. Pa maola 24 okha a nthambi kumalo ozizira kuphimba ambiri a Dziko Lapansi kawiri, kamodzi ndi tsiku ndi kamodzi pa usiku.

Sun-synchronous kanjira

Monga nthambi geosynchronous ayenera kukhala pamwamba equator, ndi kulola kuti akhalebe pa mfundo imodzi, kumalo ozizira-makina angathe kukhala mu nthawi yomweyo. kanjira awo ndi dzuwa synchronous - pa mphambano ya equator spacecraft m'dera nthawi dzuwa yofanana. Mwachitsanzo, yadothi Kanema kuwoloka pa Brazil nthawizonse pa 10:30 m'mawa. Kenako mphambano pambuyo mphindi 99 pa Ecuador kapena Colombia likugwiritsidwanso pa 10:30 m'dera nthawi.

Sun-synchronous kanjira M'pofunika sayansi, monga timatha kukhala ngodya ya dzuwa kugwa padziko lapansi, koma ikhoza malingana ndi nyengo. kugwirizana Izi zikutanthauza kuti asayansi chingayerekezedwe kwa zaka zingapo popanda kudandaula za kudumpha waukulu kwambiri pophimba kamodzi zithunzi za zaka dziko, umene ungapangitse Musamadzinamize ya kusintha. Popanda kanjira dzuwa synchronous kudzakhala kovuta kukhala ndi njira yolongosoka iwo pa nthawi, ndi kutolera mfundo zofunika phunziro la kusintha kwa nyengo.

Njira ya mwezi ndi zochepa kwambiri. Ngati ndi okwera 100 Km, kanjira ayenera otsetsereka 96 °. kupatuka iliyonse n'kosavomerezeka. Popeza kulimbikira kwa m'mlengalenga ndi mphamvu wokongola wa Dzuwa ndi mwezi kanjira kusintha zida, ayenera nthawi zonse kusintha.

Launch wa mpita kuti: Launch

The Launch amafuna mphamvu, kuchuluka kwa potsata malo a PAD Launch, kutalika ndi otsetsereka a njira yodutsamo tsogolo la kayendedwe ake. Pofuna kukwaniritsa kutali mozungulira, izo chofunika amaika mphamvu zambiri. Makina ndi ndingaliro ndithu (mwachitsanzo, kumalo ozizira) ndi mphamvu kudya kuposa anthu kukuzungulira pa dziko. Ikani mu kanjira ndi ndingaliro otsika kuthandiza kasinthasintha dziko lapansi. The International Space Station ikuyenda pa makona 51,6397 °. Izi ndi zofunika kuonetsetsa kuti malo yoyenda ndi mizinga Russian anali mosavuta kumupeza. Kutalika kwa ISS - 337-430 Km. makina kumalo ozizira, pa dzanja zina, kudzera mwa zimachitika Lapansi simukhala, kotero iwo amafuna mphamvu zambiri kukwera mtunda wofanana.

kusintha

Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Kanema n'kofunika kuyesetsa kulisunga pa kanjira ena. Popeza Earth si malo angwiro, yokoka ake ndi mphamvu m'madera ena. unevenness ichi, kuwonjezera pa kukopa kwa dzuwa, mwezi ndi Jupiter (dziko kwambiri kwakukulu kwa System Dzuwa), kusintha ndingaliro ya kanjira lapansi. Kwa udindo wake moyo amapita makina kudzudzulidwa katatu kapena anayi. zipangizo Leo NASA tisinthe kuweramira ake pachaka.

Komanso, pafupi-Earth makina amakhudza m'mlengalenga. zigawo ulemu, ngakhale ochepa kwambiri, ndi amphamvu kukana zokwanira kuti awakokere pafupi ndi Earth. Zotsatira yokoka kumachititsa mathamangitsidwe wa nthambi. M'kupita kwa nthawi, nazitentha mu mwauzimu ndi likumira m'munsi ndipo mofulumira mu mlengalenga, kapena kubwerera ku dziko lapansi.

Air kulimbana ndi mphamvu pamene dzuwa ukugwirira. Monga mpweya zibaluni ndi zambiri ndipo kukudza pamene mkangano, lakamba zambiri ndipo kukudza m'mlengalenga pamene dzuwa akuupereka mphamvu zina. Ochepa zigawo mumlengalenga kukwera ndi kutenga malo awo lolemererapo. Choncho, makina makina dziko lapansi kusintha malo ake za kanayi pachaka zoperewerazo kuukoka mumlengalenga. Pamene ntchito dzuwa pazipita, malo chipangizo kusintha pa masabata 2-3.

Space zinyalala

Chifukwa chachitatu, kukakamiza ine mu kanjira - danga zinyalala. Mmodzi mwa mauthenga ilili Iridium inawombana ndi sanali ukugwirira ntchito Russian spacecraft. Zidaphanyikiratu, kupanga zinyalala mtambo wopangidwa mwa zigawo zoposa 2,500. Wachina chilichonse yawonjezedwa Nawonso achichepere, amene tsopano zikuphatikizapo zinthu oposa 18,000 chiyambi anthropogenic.

NASA mosamala oyang'anira zonse angalowe njira ya nthambi, mwachitsanzo. A. Chifukwa zinyalala mobwerezabwereza kusintha njira yake.

Center Mission Control akatswiri kuwunika udindo wa nthambi ndi danga zinyalala, amene akhoza kusokoneza kayendedwe ndi mogwirizana kukonzekera ayendetsa evasive. Zolinga gulu lomweli ndipo amachita ayendetsa kusintha kuweramira ndi kutalika kwa Kanema wa.