Gulu la tinthu

Kodi osiyanasiyana particles pulayimale ali amasiyana makhalidwe awo. Bukuli lili ndi maonekedwe a gulu ndipo wapangidwa particles pulayimale.

Chimodzi mwa zizindikiro chopambana - ndi kulemera. Nkofunika kuganizira ndi tinthu mpumulo misa, kuyambira pa nthawi ya kayendedwe, makamaka imathamanga kwambiri, iwo kwambiri kumawonjezera. Nthawi zina, osati kutenga nkhani zimenezi, asayansi ena tinalengeza kutsegula kwa particles latsopano, koma anali kulimbana ndi yaitali odziwika. Unit Buku imatengedwa kuti misa ndi elekitironi pa mpumulo, chifukwa chophweka kwa iwo. Masiku ano, gulu la particles pulayimale malinga ndi zina misa zawo motere:

• photons amene alibe misa zina, chifukwa iwo wangayo pa liwiro la kuwala;
• kuwala particles - leptons, monga ma elekitironi ndi neutrinos;
• particles sing'anga kuti kulemera kwa wina ndi zikwi elekitironi misa;
• lolemera - baryons, ndi gulu la zoposa zikwi za misa elekitironi, chimene monga neutrons, mapulotoni, Hyperion.

Mbali zina, limene lakonzedwa kuti gulu la particles pulayimale - awo mlandu magetsi. Iye ndi angapo a mtengo wa elekitironi (-1) nthawi zonse. Malinga ndi khalidwe ili, particles onse anawagawa ndithu mlandu, moyipa mlandu ndi mlandu ziro. Ndi kuli particles ndi mlandu fractional.

khalidwe lina limene anakhazikitsa gulu la particles pulayimale - nthawi ya moyo wawo:

• particles khola, kumene ali elekitironi neutrino fotoni ndi pulotoni, nyutironi amakhalabe khola malingana ngati ali zikuchokera phata atomiki, koma mu mkhalidwe ufulu izo limaphwasuka kusandulika mu mphindi 15;
• wosakhazikika particles - onse. Moyo nthawi imene 10 (-10) - 10 (-24) masekondi, ndi particles ndi nthawi yaifupi ya moyo - resonances kugwa ngakhale asanabadwe kusiya phata kapena atomu. Iwo amakhala 10 (-25) - 10 (-26) masekondi. Ngakhale kuli particles otere masamu theoretically, koma pafupifupi palibe wina walembedwa. udindo wofunika kwambiri kusewera mu moyo wa munthu, kumene, particles khola, pambuyo onsewo ndi onse zazikulu-matupi zimamangidwa.

Zotsatirazi gulu - mtundu wa mogwirizana:

• leptons - particles komwe kumachititsa okha ofooka ndi anzake mu atomu;
• hadrons - particles omwe, kuwonjezera pa pamwamba, ali nawo ankachita amphamvu.

Koma khalidwe lofunika kwambiri la particles pulayimale - ndi sapota (ofotokoza tinthu patsogolo). Khalidwe limeneli mu zimango chakale limafotokoza kasinthasintha wa khalidwe thupi. Koma sayansi, kuganizira katundu wa particles pulayimale, sapota amadziwika mosiyana - monga digiri mkati mwa ufulu tinthu lapansi. Iye akhoza kutenga makhalidwe abwino, zomwe ndi njila kwa nthawi zonse Planck, mu Mosiyana ndi sapota zimango amene angatenge laphindu. Factor kufotokoza Kugwirizana wake akutchedwa kwadzidzidzi sapota chiwerengero. Kwa ena particles akhoza kukhala inteja (0 1, 2), pamene ena - (1/2, 3/2) makhalidwe hafu ya inteja. The tinthu, ndi 0-vym sapota awoneka mofanana pamene limazungulira pa ngodya iliyonse sapota pa wagawo - akutenga mawonekedwe womwewo pambuyo ponditembenukira izo kupyolera madigiri 360, ndipo ndi sapota wofanana 2 - pambuyo ponditembenukira madigiri 180, ndi sapota mu ½ - pa madigiri 720. particles onse ndi sanali inteja mfundo za sapota amatchedwa - fermions. Zonsezi particles imadziwika, monga mapulotoni, ma elekitironi ndi neutrons. kumbuyo kwawo ndi 1/2. Ndipo ndi inteja - bosons. zinthu izi Ndipotu, ndi quanta za m'minda, koma ngakhale ndi katundu corpuscular akutumikirabe ngati kumunda malire zachikhalidwe. A chitsanzo chapadera ndi fotoni bosons, amene sapota 1 ndi mesons ndi ziro sapota.