Signal transducers: mitundu, mfundo opaleshoni ndipo cholinga

Makampani ndi kunyumba imafalira ntchito zosiyanasiyana converters chizindikiro. zipangizozi akhoza akuimira mu osiyanasiyana zosintha zogwirizana kuthetsa mavuto m'madera osiyanasiyana chuma. Kodi mitundu ya converters chizindikiro akhoza zimachitika ambiri? Kodi angakhale makhalidwe a ntchito zawo?

Kodi cholinga cha converters mbendera chiyani?

chizindikiro converters - zipangizo kuti atha kupezeka mu osiyanasiyana njira. Mawu amenewa bwino gulu ndipo zikugwirizana zida ntchito ku zigawo zosiyana za chuma ndi wachinsinsi ndi muyezo kwathunthu anthuwo. The mitundu ikuluikulu ya chizindikiro kuti angasinthe chipangizo mu funso:

- mphamvu;

- cholamitsa;

- kutentha;

- chikhalidwe sayansi.

Malinga ntchito akukumana wosuta wa Converter chizindikiro mu kapangidwe ka zipangizo ziwalo mwina pamodzi zigawo, processing mitundu yambiri deta osiyana. Kusintha tingati akuyendera mwa mtundu umodzi wa chizindikiro (mwachitsanzo, kwa pafupipafupi wina ndi mzake) kapena kukhala limagwirira akwanitse kumasulira pakati pa magulu osiyana a chizindikiro. Mwachitsanzo, phokoso magetsi.

The devaysa ambiri akusimba Converter analogi chizindikiro kwa digito (ndi mosemphanitsa ngati anapereka mkati chipangizo dongosolo zigawo). Taganizirani mbali ya ntchito yake.

Analogi ndi digito Converter

chipangizo mu funso, cholinga kutembenuza aliyense chizindikiro analogi - mwachitsanzo, kudzera mwa voltages, mu mawonekedwe digito (kulola Mwachitsanzo, kulemba chizindikiro lolingana file a).

Imodzi mwa muyezo waukulu kwa mphamvu ya chitetezo cha malipoti - deta ikhoza kupangitsa pang'ono. Mtengo wake Mzimuyo mlingo wa mbendera chiŵerengero phokoso.

chizindikiro china chofunika amakhala khalidwe la chipangizo monga analogi Converter - mapangidwe mlingo linanena bungwe mbendera. Mwa zipangizo amene amapereka akadakwanitsira ntchito yake - wokhudza kwa mtundu kufanana. Iwo anapanga mapangidwe mitsinje yaikulu chizindikiro ntchito nambala kofunika n'kudzandigunda. Mbali imeneyi ya kugwira ntchito chipangizo, nthawi zambiri anthu amasankha kukhala ndi kutulutsidwa kwa transducers zogwirizana, yodziwika ndi miyeso lalikulu. Komanso, analogi chizindikiro converters akhoza kukhala mokwanira mkulu mphamvu mlingo. Komabe, anapatsidwa mphamvu ya zipangizo izi nthawi zambiri zomwe zinali ndi mbali awo ankachita monga zolakwa.

Kutembenuka kwa chizindikiro analogi zipangizo digito kufanana imagwiridwa mofulumira kwambiri. Kupereka liwiro ngakhale apamwamba zipangizo mtundu lolingana akhoza ntchito polumikiza zipangizo angapo, kotero kuti angathe kugwira utuluke mwa chizindikiro nayenso.

Njira zothetsera kungakhale kufanana converters siriyo mtundu chizindikiro. Iwo amakhala zochepa zipatso, koma magetsi. ntchito zawo mwina chifukwa mu nthawi imene pali funso kupereka chizindikiro Kuwulutsa mkati zofunikira mphamvu yaing'ono, kapena kukachitika kuti mtengo kwambiri kutembenuka kuposa zimene amaperekedwa ndi chipangizo mzaka, chofunika.

Mwina kudziŵika kuti pali zipangizo losakanizika mtundu kuti kuphatikiza ntchito ija ndi converters yomweyi. Nthawi zambiri, iwo ndi njira mulingo woyenera malinga kugwilizana ndi mfundo za profitability ndi wopindula.

Pamwamba taonera kuti converters analogi ndi digito zingaphatikizepo zigawo, amene kutembenuka kwa chizindikiro digito mu analogi. Palinso gulu osiyana mtundu yoyenera zipangizo. Tidzaphunzira makhalidwe awo.

Intaneti kuti analogi Converters

Pankhaniyi wosuta lilipo Mwachitsanzo, kwa analogi TV chizindikiro ntchito zake kudzakhala kotheka kugwirizana mlongoti ziwalo. Kapena nkhani kusintha chizindikiro choyambirira mu analogi, amene TV akhoza kuzindikira. gwero wawo, nawonso, ndi mlongoti yadigito. Kapena, Kapenanso, mbendera analandira kudzera intaneti.

chipangizo mu funso, motero, otembenuka mbendera munali malamulo digito mu panopa, voteji kapena kuyang'anira kuti imafalikira kwa analogi zigawo processing. njira yeniyeni ya kusintha zimadalira mtundu wa deta athandizira. Mwachitsanzo, pamene izo zifika kuwomba, ndiye kawirikawiri athandizira pa kwake PCM. Ngati file gwero ali wothinikizidwa, yapadera mapulogalamu codecs angagwiritsidwe ntchito kutembenuka chizindikiro. Nawonso mlongoti digito ambiri transmits chizindikiro processing hardware njira.

Zipangizo monga converters ankaona akhoza wodzilemekeza ndi zigawo zolinga zosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, pamene kuonetsetsa kubalana a TV kanema mkuzamawu angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwonjezera zigawo amene zosungidwazo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito Converter. Nthawi zambiri m'pofunika kupereka zithunzi apamwamba pa mbendera analogi mu kusinthika yadigito. Komanso, kanema mkuzamawu ntchito pamene mukufuna kusamutsa zithunzi patali ndithu.

TV - si malo yekha wa ntchito yogwira zipangizo funso. converters yoyenera monga Mwachitsanzo, wa osewera CD-ROM galimoto, amenenso kusintha chizindikiro digito kwa analogi.

transducers akupanga

Kenako wamba gulu zipangizo - ultrasound transducer. Mwina kudziŵika kuti ayenela kuimilidwa ndi zipangizo ndi osiyanasiyana ofunsira, komanso mfundo za opaleshoni. Mwa mitundu wamba akupanga transducers - submersible wagawo, limene lakonzedwa popereka mu madzi kapena zina madzi sing'anga wa ultrasound pa pafupipafupi yeniyeni. chipangizo ichi chikhonza Mwachitsanzo, kukhazikitsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana kuyeretsa kuchokera kuipitsidwa - mu malo osambira zikuchokera ntchito mu dongosolo la kuyeretsa akupanga.

Palinso zina ntchito zipangizo pamwamba. The transducer akupanga angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwunika kukhulupirika kwa nyumba zina, kugwirizana, onani anthu kapena zinthu zina kuwonongeka.

Liniya & Pogwiritsanso Converters

Poganizira peculiarities wa ntchito converters akhala akugwira kulabadira gulu limene iwo lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika mu liniya ndipo zimachitika. Ndipotu, muyezo zimenezi mfundo ziwiri zofunika kwambiri za ntchito kwa transducers lapansi.

Anthu za mzere, ungatithandizire pa mfundo za kamangidwe analogi dera, imene chizindikiro wotembenuka anapanga mayendedwe yosalala. Kusintha Converter amafuna wamkulu chizindikiro choimira pa linanena bungwe, ndipo pamene processing mkati. Komabe, ngati opaleshoni imagwiridwa okha mkati chizindikiro processing mapazi, ndi chipangizo yoyenera akhoza kupanga pafupifupi ntchito chimodzimodzi ngati momwe zinalili pamene transducer liniya adamulowetsa. Choncho, liniya yayitali kapena zimachitika mankhwala kuonedwa yekha pa nkhani ya mfundo opaleshoni ya zigawo hardware kiyi devaysa yoyenera mtundu.

Kusintha Converters zosungidwazo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka nthawi imene mkulu-mphamvu processing chizindikiro amaganiza monga mbali ya zomangamanga ntchito. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti dzuwa la zipangizo analemba mu Zikatero ndi apamwamba kuposa pamene iwo ntchito kuti processing mphamvu chizindikiro kuchepetsa. Chinthu china chimene posankha zochita deta - kutsegula kwa thiransifoma kapena capacitor zipangizo mu zomangamanga ntchito, zomwe zimachitika converters ndi mulingo woyenera ngakhale.

Nawonso liniya transducer - chipangizo kuti ntchito monga mbali ya zomangamanga, imene otsika-mphamvu chizindikiro processing. Kapena ngati pali kufunika kuchepetsa phokoso kwaiye chifukwa cha machitidwe a Converter ndi. Tikumbukenso kuti dzuwa njira pansi kulingalira mu mphamvu yaikulu zomangamanga - osati kwambiri, kotero zipangizozi zambiri zimatulutsa yambiri kutentha kuposa converters zimachitika. Komanso, kulemera ndi miyeso komanso ndi apamwamba kwambiri.

Koma, mulimonse, kuchita, ntchito ya transducer pa patsogolo mfundo kungabweretse mapangidwe ntchito yake kutengerapo mwa kachitidwe liniya. Choncho, pamaso ndikukhazikitsa chogwirizana converters chizindikiro mu zomangamanga, ayenera kuganizira dongosolo awo mkati ntchito yoyang'anira dera chizindikiro processing.

kuyeza converters

gulu lina wamba njira - transmitters. ndi makhalidwe otani? Chopatsilira - chipangizo kuti akhoza akuimira mu ambiri a mitundu. Chili deta Msuzi olimba ngati gawo, ndi kusintha kwa zedi zosiyanasiyana.

wamba akhoza kuonedwa monga lizigwira dera lolingana mtundu chingwe zipangizo, imene chizindikiro kukonzedwa mu magawo angapo. Converter woyamba kulandira izo, ndiye lidzasinthidwa phindu limene angathe kuyeza ndi, pambuyo - amasintha mu ena mphamvu zothandiza. Mwachitsanzo, ngati Converter analogi muyeso, kusintha ikuchitika mphamvu ngati zamagetsi ku mphamvu mawotchi.

Inde, dongosolo enieni kugwiritsa ntchito njira yoyenera angathe kuperekedwa mu sipekitiramu waukulu kwambiri. Kufalitsa ntchito akayezetsa masinthidwe zolinga sayansi monga mbali ya zomangamanga kwa zatsopano ndi kafukufuku. Kumagwirizanitsa kwambiri transmitters woyenerera awo makamaka za ntchito makhalidwe yovomerezeka pa processing kapena yosintha chizindikiro. Mwina ananena kuti makhalidwe amenewa sikuti nthawi zonse ntchito kwa chopatsilira yotsiriza wosuta. KUGWIRIZANA NDI wa Nthawi zambiri ikuchitika mode chozemba. Munthu ntchito ziwalo converters chizindikiro alandira chizindikiro anakhumba, kusinthidwa ntchito mu zolinga zosiyanasiyana pa linanena bungwe.

Motero, njira imeneyi zambiri sizikanakhala zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito monga mitundu kumbali-yekha wa zomangamanga. Ali mbali ya zipangizo zina - mwachitsanzo, kayesedwe zokha kupanga. Kuyeza converters zambiri zimagawidwa m'magulu awiri aakulu - pulayimale ndi wapakatikati. M'pofunika kuganizira mfundo zonsezi.

Gulu la transducers: zothetsera pulayimale ndi wapakatikati

Zipangizo za thupi gulu la zapulaimale amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati masensa. Ndiko kuti, transducers, chifukwa chimene chimodzi kapena chimzake phindu la mpandawo mwachindunji amachita. The Msuzi otsala wachinsinsi monga wapakatikati. Iwo anayikidwa mu zomangamanga chingwe yomweyo itatha yoyamba, ndipo kungakhale udindo ambiri ntchito kugwirizana ndi kutembenuka ndi. Amene ntchito yeniyeni angachichite yoyenera mlingo Converter mtundu mbendera? Kwa iwo anavomera kuti:

- muyeso wa maonekedwe kwa mfundo zosiyanasiyana;

- mkulu kutembenuka lonse;

- wasinthika chizindikiro digito kwa analogi ndi mosemphanitsa;

- zinchito kusinthika.

Onani kuti gulu otere kuonedwa umasinthasintha. Izi makamaka chifukwa chakuti mu chimodzi ndi chomwecho chingwe chida akhoza kukhala converters yaikulu angapo. Chifukwa china tikambirane gulu makonzedwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa - kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya miyeso angathe kuchitidwa pa zomangamanga mfundo yosiyana.

The zamagetsi-kuwala converters

Wina wotchuka zosiyanasiyana za chuma devaysa mtundu - zinthu zosiyanasiyana za kuwala Converter. Iye, monga mitundu ina ya zipangizo takambirana pamwamba, zikhoza akuimira mu osiyanasiyana zisudzo. Kugwirizanitsa zamagetsi-kuwala converters mfundo ambiri a ntchito: kumafunikanso kukhazikitsa kusintha kwa chinthu wosaoneka - mwachitsanzo, ndi akuunika infuraredi, ultraviolet, kapena Mwachitsanzo, X-ray, mu sipekitiramu kuwoneka.

ntchito nchakuti nthawi zonse umachitikira kaŵiri. Pa cheza woyamba wosawoneka analandira mwa photocathode, pambuyo umene lidzasinthidwa chizindikiro amagetsi. Kuti kale mu sitepe kachiwiri n'kukhala fano looneka ndi kuwonetsedwa pa zenera. Ngati ndi kompyuta polojekiti, mbendera akhoza kale n'kukhala kachidindo yadigito.

The zamagetsi-kuwala converters - njira zimene mwamwambo imene ikudziwika mu mibadwo ingapo. Zipangizo zokhudza woyamba, ndi lopangidwa ndi botolo galasi kuyamwa. Mu izo zili ndi photocathode ndi anode. Pakati pawo kusiyana angathe aumbike. Zikagwiritsidwa ntchito m'myoyo Converter mkati ake akadakwanitsira voteji kwaiye elekitironi mandala angathe moganizira za ma elekitironi utuluke.

The converters wa m'badwo wachiwiri wa zigawo elekitironi mathamangitsidwe pano, umene fano kuwala kumatheka. Mu zipangizo za zipangizo lachitatu m'badwo ntchito, kulola kuonjezera tilinazo photocathode monga mbali yofunika kwambiri ya Converter zamagetsi-kuwala ndi maulendo oposa 3.

Features resistive transducers

mtundu wina wamba zipangizo - resistive transducers. Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane makamaka.

transducers izi ndinazolowera kusintha magetsi awo kukana pamene wadwala measurand makamaka. Iwo kugwira kusintha kwa okhota ndi liniya kuyenda. Nthawi zambiri, deta converters m'gulu dongosolo zokha ndi masensa kuthamanga, kutentha, mlingo zounikira, muyeso wa mphamvu ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana cheza. Ubwino waukulu transducers resistive

- kudalirika;

- pakalibe malumikizanidwe pakati pa olondola miyezo ndi mtendere wa kusowa voteji.

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zipangizo zoyenera. Pakati wotchuka kwambiri - ndi masensa kutentha. Tidzaphunzira makhalidwe awo.

Fundo chowunikira kutentha

The converters deta mbendera ndi zigawo kuti ali tcheru kusintha yozungulira kutentha. Pankhaniyi pamene likutuluka, kukana awo akhoza zochuluka. zipangizozi yodziwika makamaka ndi zolondola kwambiri. Mu zina, n'zotheka kusintha kutentha kwa lolondola 0,026 madigiri Celsius. Monga mbali ya zipangizozi pali zinthu zopangidwa kuchokera pulatinamu - Pankhaniyi kulimbikira chiŵerengero ndi pansipa kapena mkuwa.

Kugwiritsa masensa resistive amakhala ndi mokoma angapo. Choncho, tiyenera adzanyamula kukumbukira kuti apamwamba a malemeredwe panopa zizindikiro ndi kudyetsedwa kwa sensa wowonjezera kutentha kwake tilinazo, koma pa nthawi yomweyo, kutenthetsa ziwalo transducer zinthu. Nthawi zambiri zimenezi zimachititsa kuchepa molondola. Choncho analimbikitsa kuonetsetsa mulingo woyenera ntchito ya malemeredwe panopa kuti zinthu zenizeni kayesedwe. mawerengedwe mwina adzatengedwa, mwachitsanzo, matenthedwe madutsidwe a sing'anga omwe kachipangizo applicable - mpweya kapena madzi. Childs, magawo akulimbikitsidwa Mafunde malemeredwe zakonzedwa ndi opanga wa masensa mtundu kake. Choncho iwo akhoza zimasiyana kwambiri malingana ndi zitsulo ntchito dongosolo chipangizo. Komanso, pamene ntchito zipangizo zotha mu funso, m'pofunika kuganizira chizindikiro monga mtengo Kuchepetsa wa panopa opaleshoni. Childs, izo amadziwikanso Mlengi.

Resistive masensa - pakati pa mitundu yofala converters mu chuma. Ichi ndi chifukwa cha mlili wa chidwi ubwino sayansi ya mitundu yambiri ya iwo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati tikukamba za Thermistors - amene yodziwika ndi tilinazo mkulu, compactness, otsika kulemera. masensa mtundu lolingana zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyeza kutentha zosiyanasiyana. kupangidwa kawirikawiri sakhala kulipira ndalama zina kwambiri. Komabe, thermistors ndi zovuta - makamaka ndi digiri yapamwamba ya si linearity, kotero kuti iwo ingagwiritsidwe kuchita mu osiyanasiyana m'malo yopapatiza cha kutentha.

Yoyenera mtundu converters chizindikiro (mitundu ndi cholinga awo akhoza Mukaganizira osiyana gulu la) ankagwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku. Mwachitsanzo, kulolerana wa anagawira masensa kutentha, kupanga mu dongosolo zake pulatinamu ndi mkuwa zigawo zikuluzikulu mu zikuchokera:

- Kutentha zomangamanga - kuti ayeze zizindikiro coolant kutentha pa mbali zosiyanasiyana za zida, komanso mu chipinda mkangano;

- kusamba makina - kuti kuyeza kutentha kwa madzi ndi kusintha kwake kwa mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana ochapira;

- Iron - chimodzimodzi kwa akadakwanitsira kusita kutentha mkati mode makamaka;

- electrotiles, komanso mitundu ina ya zipangizo kuphika chakudya - pofuna ntchito zawo pa kutsegula kwa modes ena ogwiritsa ntchito.

converters rheostat

mtundu wina wotchuka zipangizo resistive - kukana transducers. Mfundo amagwirira ntchito zawo zachokera kuyeza magetsi kulimbikira wochititsa pansi pa mphamvu ya kusamutsidwa athandizira. Zochita transducer Izi zikuphatikizapo zinthu zimene ndinazolowera kusamutsidwa chifukwa cha mmene measurand lapansi. Nthawi zambiri, chipangizo mu funso kukhala m'gulu dividers ndi voteji kapena ntchito monga zikuluzikulu za chingwe mlatho.

Ngati ife kulankhula za makhalidwe abwino ndi zomwe a converters rheostat, ndiye, iwo monga:

- pakalibe zotsatira zotakasika pa zigawo zikuluzikulu makina;

- Mwachangu mkulu;

- yaing'ono kukula, ntchito zomangamanga, ndi kugwirizana ngati zonse, choncho ndi alternating panopa.

Pa nthawi yomweyo transducers resistive a mtundu chogwirizana si nthawi zonse odalirika ndipo nthawi zambiri amafuna kampani chuma kwambiri kukhalabe magwiridwe.