Pulayimale tinthu: icho chiri?

anthu ochepa sindikudziwa chinthu monga "elekitironi", koma kwenikweni amatanthauza "pulayimale tinthu." Kumene, anthu ambiri sadziwa chimene icho chiri ndi chifukwa chake n'kofunika. Pa TV, m'mabuku, m'manyuzipepala ndi magazini, particles amenewa amaoneka ngati madontho yaing'ono kapena mikanda. Chifukwa cha ichi, anthu osaphunzira ndikukhulupirira kuti mawonekedwe a particles, ndi mfundo ndi lozungulira ndipo iwo kuuluka momasuka, kucheza, nkhope, etc. Koma kuganiza limeneli linachokera cholakwika. Lingaliro la tinthu pulayimale ndi kovuta kuzindikira, koma si mochedwa ndiyesere osachepera lingaliro yaukali kwambiri za chikhalidwe cha particles izi.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma zapitazi, asayansi ali kwambiri sakumvetsa chifukwa chake elekitironi si kugwa pa phata pa, kuyambira, malinga ndi zimango Newtonian, pamene kuika mphamvu zake zonse akanangowapha kugwera mu phata la. N'zosadabwitsa kuti izi sizikuchitika. Kodi kufotokoza izi?

chakuti sayansi mu kutanthauzira Agiriki ndi maziko tinthu - malosovmestimymi zinthu. Si nkhani kwa malamulo ena aliwonse a sayansi wamba, monga zogwirizana ndi mfundo za kwadzidzidzi zimango. Mfundo mu nkhani iyi ndi chosadziwika. Iye akunena kuti nkosatheka ndendende ndi imodzi kudziwa awiri zosintha zogwirizana. The zambiri woyamba wa iwo anatsimikiza, chindichepere n'zotheka kudziwa chachiwiri. tanthauzo limeneli malumikizanidwe kwadzidzidzi, yoweyula-tinthu duality, zotsatira mumphangayo, yoweyula ntchito, ndi zambiri.

Woyamba zofunika chinthu - ndi ntchito njakata zimachitika. Kutengera pa chikhazikitso cha zimango chakale, tingathe kukumbukira kuti thupi patsogolo ndi njira yodutsamo mfundo wogwirizana ndi zonse zodziwika bwino. Tiyeni tiyese kusuntha chitsanzo mu dziko tosaoneka. Mwachitsanzo, tinthu pulayimale ali zimachitika yeniyeni. Ndiye pamene inu yesetsani kudziwa njira yodutsamo la gululo ife amakumana mu ndondomeko Undetectable. Izi zikutanthauza kuti elekitironi ndi wapezeka imodzi pa mfundo zonse pang'ono danga. Mukayamba kuganizira pa njira yodutsamo ake, ndiye patsogolo amakhala mtengo amaona.

Izi zikutanthauza kuti kaya zovuta kudziwa phindu yeniyeni, wachiwiri yomweyo amakhala m'mbali. Mfundo imeneyi chagona pa mtima wa katundu funde la particles. An elekitironi ali ndi udindo bwino. Tikhoza kunena kuti ndi nthawi imodzi pa mfundo zonse danga, imene okha ndi timaganiza za. chifaniziro Izi zimatithandiza kumvetsa bwino zimene kuphatikiza tinthu pulayimale.

Pafupifupi kumachitika chomwecho ikutuluka chiŵerengero cha mphamvu nthawi. Tinthu interacts mosalekeza, ngakhale mu kukhalapo kwa zingalowe thupi. mogwirizana zinachitika kwa nthawi yaitali. Ngati ife kulingalira fanizo ili kwambiri kapena zochepa n'chiyani, mphamvu ndiye chimakhala undetectable. Izi akuphwanya analandira malamulo a kusamala mphamvu mu yochepa alonjeza.

Anapereka chitsanzo amapanga particles otsika mphamvu - photons minda ofunika. Chotero munda si chinthu mosalekeza. Amakhala ndi tinthu ting'onoting'ono. Mogwirizana therebetween amaperekedwa ndi umuna wa photons, amene chosakanikirana ndi particles ena. Izi amakhala mlingo wa mphamvu ndi kupanga khola particles pulayimale amene sakhoza kugwera mu phata la.

particles pulayimale ali kwenikweni limodzi, ngakhale iwo amasiyana Chrixitu mu thupi ndi maonekedwe enieni. Choncho, ena classifications yapangidwa. Mwachitsanzo, mtundu wa mogwirizana tingaone leptons ndi hadrons. Hadrons Zikatero, anawagawa mesons, zomwe zigwirizana quarks awiri, ndipo baryons, imene dongosolo pali quarks atatu. The baryons odziwika bwino kwambiri - ndi neutrons ndi mapulotoni izo.

particles pulayimale ndipo katundu wawo kulola kusiyanitsa magulu awiri: bosons (ndi inteja ndi ziro sapota) fermions (theka inteja sapota). Aliyense tinthu ali antiparticle chake ndi makhalidwe zosiyana. Zopezera ndi mapulotoni chabe, neutrons ndi leptons. particles ena onse amayenera kugonjera kuwola ndi kukhala particles khola.