Chiphunzitso cha dissociation electrolytic. A mafotokozedwe yosavuta njira zovuta

Ndi mawu akuti "electrolytic dissociation" Asayansi ntchito m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi mochedwa. maonekedwe ake, tikulamulidwa ndi Swedish sayansi Arrhenius. Ntchito pa vuto la electrolyte mu zaka 1884-1887, anayambitsa iye kufotokoza chodabwitsa ionization mu njira ndi mapangidwe Sungunulani. Limagwirira wa zodabwitsazi izo anaganiza kufotokoza kuwonongeka kwa mamolekyulu mu ayoni, magulu ndi zabwino kapena zoipa mlandu.

Chiphunzitso cha dissociation electrolytic anafotokoza madutsidwe ena mavutowo. Mwachitsanzo, potaziyamu mankhwala enaake ndi khalidwe la akuwaza mchere wa mamolekyulu kwa ion potaziyamu ndi mlandu ndi chizindikiro KCl «kuphatikiza" (cation) ndi ion chlorine, kuneneza ndi chizindikiro "opanda" (anion). Amathiridwa asidi HCl linagawanika mu cation (ion wa hydrogen) ndi anion (mankhwala enaake ion), njira ya sodium wochuluka hydroxide NaHO kumabweretsa ion ndi sodium ndi anion monga ion hydroxide. The chakudya yaikulu ya chiphunzitso cha dissociation electrolytic pofotokoza khalidwe la ayoni mu njira. Malinga ndi mfundo imeneyi, iwo kusuntha ndithu momasuka mwa njira, ndipo ngakhale dontho laling'ono la njira imayendetsedwa ndi yunifolomu kufalitsidwa milandu oppositely mlandu magetsi.

Chiphunzitso cha mapangidwe electrolytic dissociation wa electrolytes mu njira amadzimadzi anafotokoza motere. Maonekedwe a ayoni ufulu limasonyeza kuwonongedwa kwa zinthu galasi latisi. Zimenezi ndi Kutha thunthu mu madzi zimakhudza mmene mamolekyulu kumalo ozizira zosungunulira (mu chitsanzo chathu tikambirana madzi). Kotero kuti angathe kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kukopa electrostatic kotani pakati pa ayoni mu galasi malo latisi, chifukwa ayoni ndi kunditumiza ku kayendedwe ufulu wa njira. The ayoni ufulu kulowa malo a kumalo ozizira mamolekyulu madzi. mitundu Izi chipolopolo owazungulira, chiphunzitso cha dissotsiatsiinazyvaet electrolytic hydrated.

Koma chiphunzitso cha electrolytic dissociation Arrhenius anafotokoza mapangidwe electrolytes osati njira. Kophimba galasi kungawonongedwe mchikakamizo cha kutentha. Kutentha kwa galasi, timachotsa zotsatira za oscillations lochita ayoni mu malo latisi, Mwapang'onopang'ono kuwonongedwa kwa galasi ndi zikamera wa Sungunulani kwathunthu wapangidwa ayoni.

Tikaonanso njira zothanirana ndi kuonedwa katundu osiyana ndi zinthu, yomwe ife timaitcha zosungunulira. Nthumwi wotchuka kwambiri wa banja ili ndi madzi. Mbali yaikulu ndi pamaso pa mamolekyulu dipole, i.e. pamene kumalekezero a molekyulu ndi zabwino mlandu ndi zina zoipa. The madzi molekyulu kwathunthu akukumana zofunika zimenezi, koma madzi si zosungunulira yekha.

ndondomeko zikhoza electrolytic dissociation ndipo sanali amadzimadzi solvents kumalo ozizira Mwachitsanzo, madzi woipa sulfure, madzi amoniya, ndi zina zotero. Komabe, madzi ali danga lalikulu zino chifukwa cha chuma chake zofooketsa (kupasuka) kukopa electrostatic ndi kuwononga crystalline latisi limapezeka makamaka yowala. Choncho, akulankhula za njira, tikutanthauza izo ndi madzi amadzimadzi.

Kuphunzira bwinobwino za katundu wa electrolytes analola kusamukira ku mfundo mphamvu ndi digiri ya dissociation. Mu digiri ya dissociation wa electrolyte amatanthauza chiŵerengero cha mamolekyulu dissociated kwa chiwerengero chawo okwana. electrolytes Angathe, koyefishienti izi ranges ku ziro wina, ndi digiri ya dissociation, umene uli wofanana ndi ziro, limasonyeza kuti tikulimbana ndi sanali electrolytes. Pa kuwonjezeka mlingo wa dissociation kwa ubwino kuwonjezeka kutentha kwa njira.

Electrolytes mphamvu Mzimuyo mlingo wa dissociation, anapereka ndende zonse ndi kutentha. electrolytes amphamvu amakhala ndi dissociation, kuyandikira umodzi. Ndi bwino sungunuka salt, alkalis, zidulo.

Chiphunzitso cha dissociation electrolytic n'zotheka kufotokoza osiyanasiyana yotakata zodabwitsa, amene anaphunzira mu chimango cha sayansi, umagwirira, Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa zomera ndi nyama, ongolankhula electrochemistry.