Ma elekitironi - ndi chiyani ichi? The katundu ndi mbiri ya anapeza ma elekitironi

Onse otizungulira dziko wapangidwa yaing'ono, imperceptible diso particles. Ma elekitironi - ichi ndi chimodzi mwa iwo. anatulukira kwachitika ndi posachedwapa. Ndipo anatsegula tanthauzo latsopano la kapangidwe ka atomu, ndi njira kufala magetsi ndi kapangidwe ka dziko lonse.

Kodi kugawanitsa indivisible

Kumvetsa yamakono ya ma elekitironi - ichi particles pulayimale. Iwo zogwirizana ndi si zogawanika mu nyumba zing'onozing'ono. Koma lingaliro umu si nthawi zonse. Isanafike 1897 ndi elekitironi ndinalibe lingaliro.

More anzeru Greece wakale anaganiza kuti wachina chilichonse getsi, nyumbayi imakhala ndi kuchuluka "njerwa" tosaoneka. Unit zing'onozing'ono kanthu ndipo ankatengedwa atomu, ndi kukhulupirira izi zinapitirira kwa zaka zambiri.

Chifaniziro cha atomu zasintha okha m'ma XIX. Pambuyo zofufuza J. Thomson, E. Rutherford, H. Lorenz, P. Zeeman zing'onozing'ono particles indivisible mtima atomiki ndi ma elekitironi akhala losadziwika. M'kupita kwa nthawi, anatulukira mapulotoni, neutrons, ndipo ngakhale patapita - ndi neutrino, kaons, pions, etc ...

Tsopano sayansi amadziwa nambala yaikulu particles pulayimale, malo amene akupatsidwa amatanganidwa ndi ma elekitironi.

Kupezeka kwa tinthu latsopano

Pa nthawi imene anali ma elekitironi anapeza mu maatomu, asayansi kale kuli magetsi ndi nyese. Koma tanthauzo lenileni ndi katundu zonse zodabwitsa akadali chinsinsi, agwilitse maganizo a sayansi ambiri.

Pa chiyambi cha m'ma XIX zikanadziwika kuti kafalitsidwe cheza atomu, kuwala kumayendera. Komabe, England Dzhozef Tomson, kuchititsa zatsopano ndi kunyezimira cathode, anazindikira kuti zigwirizana mbewu zambiri ang'ono amene misa ndi zosakwana nyukiliya.

Mu April 1897, Thomson anapanga kulankhula pamene anapereka asayansi kuti kubadwa kwa tinthu latsopano zikuchokera maatomu, amene adayitana corpuscle. Kenako Ernest Rutherford ntchito zatsopano zojambulazo anatsimikizira mfundo za mphunzitsi wake, ndi corpuscles anapatsidwa dzina lina - ". Ma elekitironi"

Kupezeka Zimenezi zinapangitsa kuti chitukuko osati sayansi thupi komanso mankhwala. N'zotheka patsogolo kwambiri kuphunzira magetsi ndi nyese, katundu wa nkhaniyi, ndi wafunsira sayansi ya nyukiliya.

Kodi elekitironi?

Ma elekitironi - ndi particles lightest ndi mlandu magetsi. tadziŵa iwo adakali kwakukulukulu zotsutsana ndi chosakwanira. Mwachitsanzo, mu malingaliro amakono iwo moyo wosatha, chifukwa konse, mosiyana neutrons ndi mapulotoni (ongolankhula kugwa kwa m'badwo wotsiriza kuposa zaka zimene chilengedwe).

Ma elekitironi ndi khola ndipo ndi zonse zoipa mlandu mauthenga = 1.6 x 10 ^-19 CL. Iwo a banja la fermions ndi leptons gulu. The particles nawo ndi anzake ofooka mu atomu ndi yokoka. Iwo wapangidwa ndi maatomu. Tinthu amene sakugwirizana ndi ma atomu - ufulu ma elekitironi.

Unyinji wa ma elekitironi ndi 9,1 x 10 ^-31 makilogalamu ndi nthawi 1836 zosakwana misa purotoni a. Iwo ndi theka yofunika ndi sapota ndi mphindi maginito. Elekitironi amaimira kalata "E ^-". Chimodzimodzi, koma ndi chizindikiro kuphatikiza amatanthauza antagonist ake - antiparticle positron.

State wa ma elekitironi mu atomu

Pamene zinadziwika kuti atomu wapangidwa nyumba zing'onozing'ono, kunali koyenera kumvetsa ndendende mmene imakonzedwa mu izo. Choncho chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana XIX anaonekera chitsanzo choyamba cha maatomu. Malinga ndi chitsanzo mapulaneti, mapulotoni (zabwino adawalamulira) ndi neutrons (ndale) munamutcha phata. ma elekitironi A kuyenda kuzungulira m'njira elliptical.

maganizo awa kusintha mkubwela kwa kwadzidzidzi sayansi m'zaka za m'ma XX. Lui De Broglie kuika patsogolo chiphunzitso kuti elekitironi khalidwe osati monga tinthu, komanso ngati mafunde. Erwin Schrodinger amalenga yoweyula chitsanzo cha atomu, kumene ma elekitironi awa akuimira mtambo ndi zina woyang'anira osalimba.

Kudziŵa malo ndi njira yodutsamo wa ma elekitironi kuzungulira phata ndi sizingatheke. Pa nkhani imeneyi, anayambitsa wapadera akuti "yozungulira" kapena "elekitironi mtambo," chomwe ndi danga la malo ambiri N'kuthekanso anati particles.

misinkhu mphamvu

The elekitironi mtambo padziko atomu monga kwambiri ndi mapulotoni mu phata ake. Onsewo ali pa mtunda osiyana. Pafupi pakati imakonzedwa ma elekitironi ndi zochepa mphamvu. Mphamvu zambiri ndi mu particles, m'pamenenso iwo akhale.

Koma iwo anakonza mwachisawawa, ndi kutenga milingo zenizeni, amene angathe akomere yekha nambala inayake ya particles. Mulingo uliwose ali kuchuluka yake mphamvu ndi lagawidwa milingo kum'mwera, ndi iwo, nawonso, pa orbitals lapansi.

Kufotokoza makhalidwe ndi malo ma elekitironi pa zimatiyika mphamvu zinayi kwadzidzidzi manambala :

• N - waukulu inteja malangizo elekitironi mphamvu malo (limafanana ndi chiwerengero cha nthawi mankhwala mchitidwe);
• L - yozungulira chiwerengero, limene limafotokoza mawonekedwe a elekitironi mtambo (s - ozungulira, p - mawonekedwe eyiti, anthu d - mawonekedwe a clover kapena eights awiri, F - kuipidwa zojambula mawonekedwe);
• mamita - chiwerengero cha maginito liwulo mtambo lathu m'munda maginito;
• MS - ndi sapota chiwerengero, amene amadziwika ndi ma elekitironi kanjira padziko nguli.

Pomaliza

Choncho, ma elekitironi - khola, moyipa mlandu particles. Iwo ndizo zikuluzikulu ndipo sangathe kuwola mu zinthu zina. Iwo amatchedwa particles achikhazikitso, ie, iwo amene ali mbali ya kapangidwe ka zinthu.

The ma elekitironi muziyendayenda mtima ndi kupanga elekitironi awo chipolopolo. Zikukhudzira mankhwala, kuwala, makina ndi maginito katundu zinthu zosiyanasiyana. particles izi zimakhudzidwa mogwirizana mu atomu ndi yokoka. m'gulu lawo mbali amalenga magetsi kumunda panopa ndi maginito.