Manambala kwadzidzidzi ndi tanthauzo thupi

zinthu zambiri mu zimango kwadzidzidzi ndi chosatheka kuzindikirika, zambiri zikuwoneka wosangalatsa. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi chiwerengero kwadzidzidzi, chikhalidwe cha omwe ndi zachinsinsi lero. Nkhani anafotokoza mfundo, mitundu ndi mfundo za ntchito ndi iwo.

makhalidwe General

Lonse kapena theka-inteja manambala kwadzidzidzi mu zedi thupi anatsimikiza zonse zotheka apawokha mfundo amakhala dongosolo kwadzidzidzi (molekyulu, atomu, pakati) ndi particles pulayimale. ntchito zawo kumagwirizana kukhalako kwa nthawi zonse Planck a. Apawokha, kunachitika njira microcosm kuonetsa manambala kwadzidzidzi ndi tanthauzo lawo. Iwo koyamba pofotokoza chito za makulidwe a atomiki. Koma tanthauzo thupi ndi apawokha mfundo aliyense katetezedwe mu zimango kwadzidzidzi.
Ikani kuti imalongosola exhaustively boma la dongosolo amatchedwa wathunthu. Mayiko onse ali ndi udindo mfundo mwina amaika izi kupanga lathunthu zochitika za mayiko. Manambala kwadzidzidzi mu umagwirira ndi digiri ya ufulu wa elekitironi kudziwa kwake malo atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena ndi madigiri mkati mwa ufulu - sapota.

Masanjidwe wa ma elekitironi ndipo maatomu

Mu atomu pabwino phata ndi ma elekitironi, amene amakakamiza kuchita pakati chikhalidwe electrostatic. Mphamvu kwambiri ngati mtunda amachepetsa pakati pa phata ndi elekitironi. Akukhulupirira kuti mphamvu ndi kuthekera ndi wofanana ndi ziro ngati atachotsedwa pachimake ali wopandamalire. boma ntchito buku la. Choncho anatsimikiza mphamvu wachibale wa elekitironi.

Elekitironi chipolopolo ndi ya milingo mphamvu. Kukhala mmodzi wa iwo ndi zimenenso yaikulu kwadzidzidzi N chiwerengero.

chiwerengero pamwamba

Zikutanthauza yeniyeni mlingo mphamvu ndi ya orbitals kuti ndi makhalidwe ofanana ongokhala manambala chachilengedwe: N = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ... Pamene elekitironi amapatsirana siteji wina ndi mzake zimasiyanasiyana olemekezeka kwadzidzidzi chiwerengero. Kumbukirani kuti si zimatiyika onse ali odzazidwa ndi ma elekitironi. Pamene kudzaza chipolopolo atomu, ndikukhazikitsa mfundo mphamvu zochepa. chikhalidwe chake mu nkhani iyi akutchedwa unexcited kapena pansi boma.

chiwerengero yozungulira

Mu mulingo uliwose pali orbitals. Anthu amene ali ndi mphamvu zofanana kupanga boma wosanjikiza. Ntchito imeneyi imagwiridwa kudzera yozungulira (kapena monga patchedwa - mbali) wa L kwadzidzidzi chiwerengero zimafunika mfundo inteja ku ziro kuti N - 1. Popeza elekitironi kukhala wamkulu ndiponso yozungulira kwadzidzidzi chiwerengero N, ndipo L, zingakhale za L = 0 kutsiriza ndi L = N - 1.

Izo zimasonyeza khalidwe la gululo ndi ofanana boma mlingo mphamvu. Pamene L = 0 ndiponso makhalidwe onse a Chi, ndi elekitironi mtambo adzakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira. utali wozungulira ake ndi mwachindunji njila kwa N. Pamene L = 1 elekitironi mtambo atenge mawonekedwe a osawerengeka kapena eyiti. L The apamwamba phindu, mawonekedwe adzakhala kovuta, ndi elekitironi mphamvu - kukula.

chiwerengero maginito

Ml ndi ziyerekezo wa yozungulira (mbali) wa patsogolo okhota pa makamaka maginito malangizo kumunda. Izo zimasonyeza lathu okhudza malo a orbitals imene nambala L ofanana. Ml ya mwina makhalidwe osiyana 2l + 1 ochokera -l kuti L +.
Other maginito kwadzidzidzi chiwerengero amatchedwa sapota - MS, umene uli nacho okhota patsogolo la gululo. Kuti timvetse zimenezi, munthu mukhoza kulingalira kasinthasintha wa elekitironi pamene anali, nguli yake. MS kungakhale -1/2, +1/2, 1.
Nthawi zambiri, kwa phindu Mtheradi wa elekitironi sapota m = 1/2, ndi MS ndi ziyerekezo ake pa olamulira a.

Pauli mfundo mu atomu sangakhale ma elekitironi awiri ndi 4 manambala ofanana kwadzidzidzi. Mmodzi wa iwo ayenera kukhala osiyana.
Rule buku mitunduyi maatomu.

1. Mfundo mphamvu zochepa. Malinga ndi iye, choyamba lembani misinkhu ndi boma milingo kuti ali chifupi ndi pakati, malinga ndi malamulo Klechkovskii.
2. Udindo zikusonyeza membala monga ma elekitironi anagawira misinkhu mphamvu ndi sublevels:

• chiwerengero likufanana chiwerengero cha atomu ndi mlandu wake wa ma elekitironi;
• chiwerengero nthawi limafanana ndi chiwerengero cha milingo mphamvu;
• gulu chiwerengero likufanana chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi valence mu maatomu;
• subgroup limasonyeza yogawa awo.

particles pulayimale ndi mtima

Manambala kwadzidzidzi mu sayansi ndi tinthu pulayimale ndi makhalidwe awo mkati, zomwe kudziwa ankachita ndi kusinthika dongosolo. Kuwonjezera sapota m, izi magetsi mlandu Q, amene particles kupulayimale ndi ziro kapena inteja, zabwino kapena zoipa; baryon B (mu Nyerere yaing'ono - ziro kapena mu antiparticle - ziro kapena opanda wina); lepton milandu komwe Le ndi Lm ziro, kugwirizana ndi antiparticle - ziro ndi opanda limodzi; isotope ndi sapota inteja kapena chiwerengero theka inteja; strangeness S ndi ena. Onse chiwerengero kwadzidzidzi ntchito kwa particles onse pulayimale ndi mtima atomiki.
Monzama kulankhula, iwo amatchedwa zedi thupi lomwe kudziwa lamulo la tinthu kapena dongosolo ndi zasungidwa. Komabe, si koyenera kuti a sipekitiramu apawokha amatsogoza n'kotheka.