Umodzi: Mitundu zinthu zachilengedwe. Species zosiyanasiyana zinthu zachilengedwe zachilengedwe

Topezeka - wamba maofesi zachilengedwe, zomwe anapanga ndi mndandanda wa zinthu zamoyo ndi malo awo. Kuphunzira magulu awa kuchita sayansi ndi zachilengedwe.

Mawu akuti "topezeka" inatuluka mu 1935, ntchito Chingelezi akufuna zachilengedwe A. Arthur Tansley. Natural kapena zopangidwa ndi masoka lovuta limene onse amoyo ndi mosadziwika zigawo zikuluzikulu zili ubwenzi ndi kagayidwe ndi kufalitsa otaya mphamvu - onse ali mawu akuti "topezeka". Mitundu topezeka nthawi yomweyo zosiyana. Zazikulu zinchito wagawo wa biosphere boma m'magulu osiyana ndi kuphunzira sayansi zachilengedwe.

Gawo ndi chiyambi

Padziko lathuli muli zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Mitundu topezeka anawagawira m'njira inayake. Komabe, zomangira pamodzi zosiyanasiyana onse a mayunitsi biosphere zosatheka. N'chifukwa chake pali classifications angapo kachitidwe zachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, kusiyanitsa anachokera. Ali:

1. Natural (achilengedwe) zimadalirana. Zikuphatikizapo maofesi anthu amene kufalitsa zinthu ikuchitika popanda munthu aliyense.
2. Opangidwa (anthropogenic) topezeka. Iwo opangidwa ndi akhoza unalipo pamene mwachindunji amapereka.

zimadalirana zachilengedwe

Natural maofesi kuti kulibe popanda anthu, ali mwini mkati gulu lawo. Zotsatirazi mitundu ya zinthu zachilengedwe zochititsa zachilengedwe pamaziko a mphamvu:

- amadalira kotheratu cheza dzuwa;

- kupeza mphamvu zawo osati kwa thupi wakumwamba, komanso ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe.

Woyamba mwa zinthu zachilengedwe awiriwa ndi wosabereka. Komabe, kachitidwe aka ka achilengedwe zofunika kwa dziko lathuli, chifukwa pali mbali yaikulu kusintha mapangidwe nyengo, yeretsani mabuku yaikulu ya mpweya, etc.

Natural maofesi kulandira mphamvu kuchokera ku magwero angapo ali asonyeza.

Amapanga biosphere wagawo

Osiyana ndi anthropogenic zimadalirana. Topezeka mitundu cha gulu ili ziphatikiza:

- agro-m'chilengedwe, zimene zimabweretsa ku khalidwe la ulimi anthu;

- tehnoekosistemy akuwuka kwa chitukuko cha mafakitale;

- urbanoekosistemy akuwuka kwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa midzi.

mitundu yonse ya topezeka opangidwa analengedwa ndi nawo mwachindunji wa munthu.

A zosiyanasiyana zigawo zikuluzikulu zachilengedwe a biosphere ndi

Mitundu ndi mwachibadwa zikuchitika m'chilengedwe zosiyana. Ndipo zachilengedwe kusiyanitsa iwo pamaziko a nyengo ndi chilengedwe moyo wawo. Ndiye magulu atatu ndipo angapo mayunitsi osiyanasiyana biosphere lapansi.

The mitundu ikuluikulu ya mwachibadwa zikuchitika m'chilengedwe:

- nthaka;

- madzi oyera;

- Maritime.

Lapadziko zinthu zachilengedwe

The zosiyanasiyana mtundu lapadziko topezeka zikuphatikizapo:

- Arctic ndi ya m'mapiri Titafika pamalo;

- coniferous boreal nkhalango;

- magulu deciduous zone kotentha;

- steppe;

- udzu ndi otentha zlakovniki;

- chaparali, ndi dera yotentha ndi nyengo ya mvula;

- chipululu (monga zitsamba ndi herbaceous);

- theka-yobiriwira Nkhalango, ili m'madera kutchulidwa nyengo youma ndi yonyowa;

- otentha yobiriwira mvula nkhalango.

Kuwonjezera mitundu tambirimbiri muli zinthu Transitional. Izi m'nkhalango Titafika pamalo, semidesert, ndi zina zotero. D.

Chifukwa kuli zosiyanasiyana maofesi zachilengedwe

Pa zifukwa ziti anayikidwa padziko lathuli m'chilengedwe zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe? Mitundu ya chiyambi zachilengedwe muli zinthu mu dera malingana mvula ndi kutentha mpweya. Amadziwika kuti nyengo m'madera osiyanasiyana a dziko ali kusiyana kwambiri. Pamene izi sizili zofanana, ndi kuchuluka pachaka mpweya. Iwo akhoza kukhala osiyanasiyana millimeters 0 mpaka 250 kapena kuposa. Pankhaniyi, mpweya kapena uniformly nyengo zonse, ndi kugwa mu gawo chachikulu ena nthawi yonyowa. Zina Zambiri padziko lathuli, ndi zikutanthauza pachaka kutentha. Zingabweretse mfundo ku makhalidwe oipa kapena kufika makumi atatu eyiti madigiri Celsius. Various Kutentha ndi mpweya misa mosalekeza. Iwo Mwina mulibe kusiyana kwambiri pa chaka, monga pa equator, ndipo zikusintha.

Makhalidwe a maofesi a

Species zosiyanasiyana zinthu zachilengedwe zachilengedwe, gulu lapadziko kumabweretsa mfundo yakuti aliyense wa iwo ali ake mbali mwini chosiyana. Choncho, Titafika pamalo imene ili kumpoto kwa nayonso, pali nyengo yozizira kwambiri. Am'derali amakhala ndi Aperewera kutentha ndi kusintha tsiku kumalo ozizira ndi usiku. Chilimwe m'madera amenewa kumatenga masabata ochepa. Pankhaniyi, dzikoli lili nthawi m'firiji pamtunda akuya mita yaing'ono. Chamvula mu Titafika pamalo kugwa osachepera 200-300 mamilimita pa chaka. Chifukwa zinthu izi nyengo, mayiko amenewa ndi zomera osauka, kudzera mwa pang'onopang'ono kukula lichens, Moss ndi zokwawa zitsamba kapena cranberries nyenyezi yaing'ono ndi blueberries. Nthawi zina, mungapeze nyenyezi yaing'ono birch.

No imapeza osiyana ndi zinyama. Iye ankayimiridwa ndi mphalapala, ang'ono burrowing nyama, ndi zolusa monga ermine, nkhandwe ndi weasel. Dziko la mbalame ukufanizidwa ndi kadzidzi kumalo ozizira, buntings chisanu ndi plovers. Tizilombo pa Titafika pamalo mu chiwerengero - mitundu Diptera. Titafika pamalo topezeka kwambiri osatetezeka chifukwa luso osauka kuti achire.

A zosiyanasiyana nkhalango osiyana boreal ili kumpoto kwa America Europe ndi ku Asia. Pakuti topezeka imeneyi amakhala ndi nyengo yachisanu ndi yaitali ndi mpweya ambiri mu mawonekedwe a chisanu. zomera ikuyimiridwa ndi magulu yobiriwira coniferous, wophuka Oil ndi spruce, paini ndi larch. Anthu a dziko nyama - ose ndi yoongoka, zimbalangondo ndi agologolo, sable ndi wolverine, nkhandwe ndi amphaka, nkhandwe ndi mink. Nayonso amakhala ndi nyanja zambiri ndi m'madambo.

nkhalango Deciduous ndi kuperekedwa otsatirawa topezeka kudera. Mitundu ina ya mtundu wa topezeka zimapezeka US kum'mawa, Asia East ndi Ulaya. Izi nyengo woyendera nthambi nyengo, pamene yozizira kutentha akutsikira pansi pa ziro, ndi imagwera mkati chaka kuchokera 750 mpaka 1500 mamilimita mvula. The zomera za topezeka izi zikufotokozedwa ndi mitengo ikuluikulu-Ndalankhula ngati mumamera thundu, phulusa ndi linden. Pali zitsamba ndi amphamvu wosanjikiza azitsamba. zomera ikuyimiridwa ndi zimbalangondo ndi mphalapala, amphaka ndi nkhandwe, agologolo ndi shrews. Moyo topezeka kudera ili, kadzidzi ndi woodpeckers, thrushes ndi chiwombankhanga.

Steppe mabacteria kotentha ali mu Europe ndi ku Asia ndi North America. Anzawo ndi tussoki ku New Zealand, komanso pampas la America South. Nyengo m'madera amenewa amakhala ndi seasonality. Mu chilimwe, mpweya usavutike ndi kotentha ofunda mfundo zabwino kwambiri. Zima kutentha zoipa. Pa chaka, alipo pakati pa 250 ndi 750 millimeters ya mpweya. The zomera za steppes ikuyimiridwa makamaka ndi udzu kuwaika. Mwa nyama pali njati ndi mphalapala, saiga ndi agologolo, akalulu ndi marmots, afisi ndi afisi.

Chaparali ili mu Mediterranean, komanso mu California, Georgia, Mexico ndi kugombe kum'mwera kwa Australia. Izi wofatsa kotentha nyengo mabacteria kumene atagwa pa millimeters 500 mpaka 700 mvula pa chaka. Zomera pali zitsamba ndi mitengo yobiriwira masamba okhwima, monga chilombo pistachio, mlombwa ndi ena.

Izi machitidwe zachilengedwe, monga savannahs zili East ndi Africa Central, America South ndi Australia. Ambiri a iwo imeneyi South India. Izi zone otentha ndi yopanda mvula, komwe pa chaka kugwa kuchokera mamilimita 250 750 a mvula. Zomera ndi zambiri - monga chimanga busa okha apa ndi apo ena osowa mitengo deciduous (kanjedza, baobabs ndi acacias). Zinyama ukufanizidwa ndi mbidzi ndi antelopes zipembere ndi akadyamsonga, akambuku ndi mikango, griffins, ndi zina .. ambiri m'madera izi tizilombo m'magazi woyamwa monga ntchentche za kambalame zimafalitsa.

Zipululu zimapezeka m'madera a Africa, kumpoto Mexico, ndi zina zotero. D. nyengo youma, ndi mvula zosakwana 250 mamilimita pa chaka. Masiku m'zipululu otentha ndi mausiku ozizira. Zomera ukufanizidwa ndi cacti ndi zitsamba ochepa ndi kachitidwe yaikulu muzu. Mwa zinyama ndi agologolo wamba ndi mbewa yoyenda modumpha, antelopes ndi nkhandwe. topezeka Izi osalimba mosavuta anawonongedwa mchikakamizo cha kukokoloka madzi ndi mphepo.

Theka-yobiriwira otentha nkhalango deciduous akupezeka ku Central America ndi Asia. Kumalo amenewa, pali interchangeability nyengo youma ndi yonyowa. Wapachaka mvula pafupifupi - kuchokera 800 mpaka 1300 mm. nkhalango zotentha anthu zinyama zambiri.

Otentha yobiriwira nkhalango zimapezeka m'madera ambiri padziko lathuli. Apo iwo ali ku Central America, kumpoto America South, mu chapakati ndi kumadzulo kunyanja Africa, m'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja kumpoto-kumadzulo Australia, komanso pa zilumba za Pacific ndi nyanja ya Indian. Nyengo ofunda m'madera izi zimasiyana seasonality. mvula wochuluka kuposa malire a 2500 mamilimita chaka chonse. dongosolo amakhala ndi yaikulu zosiyanasiyana nyama ndi zomera.

Alipo maofesi zachilengedwe, monga ulamuliro, mulibe malire alionse bwino. Pakati pa iwo ndi kwenikweni zone kusintha. Sizoti mogwirizana kwa anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana zinthu zachilengedwe, koma pali wapadera kwa zinthu zamoyo. Choncho, zone kusintha zikuphatikizapo mitundu yambiri ya zinyama ndi zomera kuposa ozungulira dera lake.

Madzi achilengedwe maofesi

mayunitsi biosphere awa angathe kukhala mu madzi ndi nyanja. Gulu loyamba la zikuphatikizapo m'chilengedwe monga:

- Lenthic - mgodi mchere, nyanja, mwachitsanzo ataima madzi;

- Lothic anapereka mitsinje, mitsinje, akasupe;

- madambo mawonekedwe a zithaphwi, nkhalango m'madambo ndi madambo a m'mphepete mwa nyanja.

Mitundu zinthu zachilengedwe m'madzi monga:

- pelogichesky zovuta - nyanja lotseguka;

- madzi m'mphepete mwa nyanja m'dera la alumali chokhala ;

- dera kutuluka kumene nsomba zipatso imagwiridwa;

- m'mavuto, kumalo, mitsinje, ndiwo mitsinje;

- m'madera kwambiri madzi m'madzi.

CHITSANZO zachilengedwe zovuta

Ecologists kusiyanitsa zosiyanasiyana mitundu ya zinthu zachilengedwe zochititsa achilengedwe. Komabe, kuli aliyense wa iwo amayamba ndi chimodzi ndi chiwembu chomwecho. Kuti timvetse kwambiri mogwirizana amoyo ndipo sanali onse amoyo anthu ku umodzi wa biosphere, tiyeni tione mtundu wa topezeka wa meadows. zamoyo zonse ndi nyama ndi kukhala wokondwa mwachindunji mipweya ya mpweya ndi nthaka.

Dambo - dongosolo mgwirizano, womwenso zosiyanasiyana zinthu. Ena mwa iwo - makroprodutsenty, amene ali herbaceous zomera, amalenga mankhwala organic a m'dera lapansi. Komanso, moyo wa zovuta zachilengedwe m'malo mwa unyolo kwachilengedwenso chakudya. Masamba, nyama kapena ogula chachikulu kudya udzu ndi mbali zawo. Awa ndi anthu a zinyama monga herbivores lalikulu ndi tizilombo, makoswe ndi mitundu ya invertebrates (gologolo ndi kalulu, partridge ndi zina zotero. D.).

ogula chachikulu kudyedwa sekondale, monga mbalame zimene zimadya ndi nyama (nkhandwe, kadzidzi, Mphamba, nkhandwe, ndi zina zotero. D.). Kenako kulumikiza ntchito decomposers. Popanda sikutheka kumaliza za topezeka kudera. zosiyanasiyana bowa ndi mabakiteriya ndi zinthu zimenezi ziri zovuta achilengedwe. Decomposers kuwola ndinso mankhwala organic boma mchere. Ngati zinthu kutentha ndi yabwino, zatsalira zomera ndi nyama zakufa msanga kuphwanya mu mankhwala chosavuta. Ena mwa zigawo izi monga mwa mabatire ake zikuchokera, amene leached ndi kukonzanso ntchito. gawo More khola la zatsalira organic (manyowa, zimene mapadi ndi zina zotero. D.) linawola pang'onopang'ono kudyetsa zomera.

zimadalirana anthropogenic

Pamwamba maofesi zachilengedwe pakhale popanda munthu aliyense. yosiyana ndi nkhani m'chilengedwe munthu. kugwirizana awo ntchito yekha ndi nawo mwachindunji wa munthu. Mwachitsanzo, agroecosystem. The chikhalidwe chachikulu linakhalapo si ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa, komanso otaya "subsidy" mu mawonekedwe a mtundu wa mafuta.

Mbali ya dongosolo akufanana ndi masoka. Kufanana ndi zovuta zachilengedwe anaona pa zomera zikule ndi chitukuko zikuchitika likuvutika dzuwa mphamvu. Komabe, ulimi N'zosatheka kukonzekera nthaka ndi kukolola. Ndipo njira izi zimafunikira ang'onoang'ono mphamvu anthu.

Kumzinda akutchula topezeka zimene mitundu? Lamavutoli anthropogenic imene zofunika kwambiri ndi mphamvu mafuta. mowa wake poyerekeza ndi nthenda ya dzuwa pamwamba kawiri kapena katatu. mzinda chingayerekezedwe ndi zimadalirana kwambiri kapena phanga. Inde, kuli biogeocenosis izi kwakukulukulu zimadalira chiphaso cha zipangizo ndi mphamvu kuchokera kunja.

zimadalirana Urban chikanachitika chifukwa cha njira zakale, otchedwa mizinda. Muulamuliro wake, mayiko anthu kusiya kumidzi, kupanga anthu lalikulu. Pang'onopang'ono, mzinda zambiri kulimbikitsa ntchito ka chitukuko cha anthu. Pankhaniyi, chifukwa kutukula moyo wa munthu mwini analenga zovuta dongosolo m'tawuni. Izi zachititsa kuti ena mizinda kulekana kwa chikhalidwe cha kuphwanya ndipo alipo maofesi achilengedwe. System wa m'mudzi angatchedwe m'tawuni. Komabe, ndi chitukuko cha mafakitale zasintha zonse. Lotani zinthu zachilengedwe monga mzinda amene m'gawo ntchito chomera kapena fakitale? M'malo mwake, angatchedwe mafakitale ndi m'tawuni. Uku imakhala malo zogona ndi malo amene zili zinthu popanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Topezeka mzinda wosiyana wochuluka zachilengedwe ndi, kuwonjezera, zosiyanasiyana poizoni mtsinje zinyalala.

Pofuna kukonza malo awo, munthu amalenga padziko midzi otchedwa wobiriwira lamba. Iwo amakhala ndi udzu busa ndi zitsamba, mitengo ndi mchere. Izi ang'ono-kakulidwe m'chilengedwe zachilengedwe kutulutsa katundu organic, omwe sakhala ndi udindo wapadera mu moyo mzinda. Chapangitsa kuti anthu amafunika chakudya, mafuta, madzi ndi magetsi kuchokera kunja.

The ndondomeko mizinda kwambiri anasintha moyo kwa dziko lathu. Impact ndi machitidwe chongopeka analenga anthu Pamlingo waukulu anasintha chikhalidwe m'madera ambiri a Dziko Lapansi. Mu mzinda uwu osati kumakhudzanso n'kupita kumene mwini mapulani ndi kumanga ntchito. Zingamvekere gawo lalikulu ndi kupitirira malire ake. Mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezera kufunika kwa mankhwala a makampani nkhuni anthu kudula nkhalango.

Pa ntchito kwa mzinda zosiyanasiyana zinthu m'mlengalenga. Iwo amaipitsa mpweya ndi kusintha nyengo. M'mizinda, mitambo pamwamba ndi zochepa dzuwa, zambiri chifunga ndi drizzle ndi pang'ono otentha kuposa m'midzi yozungulira.