Metaphysics a Aristotle. Mind nthawi kupambana!

Apadera woganiza la Greece wakale, Aristotle (anabadwa 348 BC) anali ndi chidwi masayansi wazotsatira. Favorite mwana wa Plato, anaphunzira bwino nzeru kwake, koma, ngakhalebe, iwo pansi kutsutsa. Kuti Aristotle wa odziwika bwino mawu a Plato, ubwenzi ndi choonadi. Ntchito ya Aristotle analankhula kugulu, asungidwa mu zidutswa, ntchito anafuna kuti ana anapulumuka masiku ano.

Mawu "metaphysics" anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito ndi Kutengera wa Andronika Rodosskogo kutolera ntchito za Aristotle. A mndandanda wa ntchito zake zokwana 14 mabuku: amagwira ntchito pa mfundo, sayansi, buku la umunthu, ntchito makhalidwe, aesthetics, zamoyo ndi ndale. Metaphysics wakhala dzina lake gawo pa kukhala ili pambuyo maphunziro sayansi (anawamasulira kuchokera Greek - "pambuyo" amatanthauza "kupitirira").

The metaphysics wa nzeru zapamwamba wakale Greek awafotokozera chiphunzitso cha zoyamba, amene anaika maziko a nzeru. metaphysics Aristotle limafotokoza zifukwa zinayi pamwamba pokhala (iwo ndi zinthu choyamba). M'malo a Plato chapatatu kapangidwe (dziko la zinthu, dziko la maganizo ndi kanthu), iye anaganiza kupanga wapawiri okha kanthu ndi mawonekedwe. Aristotle Metaphysics mwachidule motere:

1. Kanthu, kapena chilichonse chimene chiliko mwachikulu - payekhapayekha amatsata lapansi. Nkhani wambawamba ndi wamuyaya, kungokhala chete ndi inert, angathe zikamera zosiyanasiyana zinthu. Nkhani yaikulu akuwonetseredwa mu mawonekedwe a zinthu zisanu ndi zinthu zomwezo - mpweya, moto, madzi, dziko ndi mankhwala wakumwamba - efa.
2. Fomu. Ku zinthu wonyong'onya chifukwa chachikulu amalenga zosiyanasiyana. Genesis chinthu ndi umodzi wa thupi ndi nkhani, ndi mawonekedwe akuimira chiyambi cha yolimbikira ndi kulenga.
3. Pachimake wotsogolera a mitundu yonse, pamwamba ndi chifukwa cha chilengedwe, wauzimu ndi Mulungu wosatha. Izo zimanyezimiritsa nthawi imene kuyamba chilengedwe.
4. cholinga, kapena "kanthu kamene". Kukhalapo kwa chinthu chilichonse n'chofunikira cholinga chilichonse; cholinga apamwamba zabwino.

Malinga pamwamba, mmodzi wa magulu waukulu wa nzeru M'mbiri ake yakale masiku ano wakhala lingaliro anayambika ndi Aristotle anaika. Physics ndi phunziro cholinga zochitika, metaphysics komanso ikufotokoza zomwe ziri tsidya zochitika thupi , ndipo akutumikira chifukwa cha iwo. Zikhulupiriro za kupitiriza Tingaone mu mawu amakono sinonimayzinge: akamabadwa - zosaoneka, unmanifested, abwino, zamatsenga.

Metaphysics Aristotle watero mgwirizano zakuthupi ndi abwino, mawonekedwe ndi vuto. Maziko a malamulo a chilengedwe pa mogwirizana ndi zotsutsana - tsiku usiku abwino zoipa, mwamuna ndi mkazi, pamwamba-pansi, zomwe ndi moto, mpweya, madzi ndi dziko, ndipo zikhoza kusinthidwa n'kukhala mzake
zikomo kwa mphamvu ya mogwirizana. Malingana ndi chiphunzitso chake, makhalidwe Mkhalidwe wa chikhalidwe ndi zofunika kwambiri poyerekezera ndi kachulukidwe lapansi.

Gawo loyamba la cognition Aristotle akamabadwa zonena kuzindikira kwenikweni mwa kumverera. Zomveka, popanda zomwe kudziwa n'zosathekadi, Aristotle amaona sayansi ya organic, chifukwa ndi chida (organon) phunziro la moyo. Apamwamba chomwecho siteji - kudziwa zomveka - ndi kupeza angafanane zochitika payekha ndi zinthu.

Ubwino waukulu wa metaphysics wa maganizo a anthu Aristotle akuitana.