Dialectics luso -

Dialectics luso - kulankhula, kucheza (mu Greek). Lero, kumvetsetsa akuti izi ndi zambiri. Motero, tanthauzo la makono a dialectic wa - njira ndi chiphunzitso cha chidziwitso cha chowonadi, chiphunzitso cha kukhulupirika kwa dziko ndi malamulo a chilengedwe, mmene muli chitukuko cha maganizo, chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe. Akukhulupirira kuti Socrates anali woyamba amene anayambitsa yaitali.

Zimenezi zenizeni ozungulira unapangidwa mu chitukuko cha nzeru. Zigawo za malingaliro dialectical zili m'mabuku nthanthi ya nzeru ena Chinese, Rome, India, ndi Greece. Pakali pano, pali zitatu zikuluzikulu mitundu mbiri ya chiphunzitso.

Woyamba ankaona dialectic lachibadwa. chiphunzitso wakale bwino kwambiri zimaonekera nzeru wakale Greek, mu zolemba za Heraclitus wa Efeso ndiponso.

Heraclitus ankakhulupirira kuti chilichonse zikusintha mu dziko, zonse alipo ndipo kulibe nthawi yomweyo, kukhala mu ndondomeko zonse mofulumira ndi zikamera. Wafilosofi anayesa kundifotokozera kusintha kwa zinthu zonse zotsutsana awo.

Ndiyeno, chiphunzitso anayamba kupanga mu Plato ndi Socrates sukulu. Yotsirizira ankaona kuti dialectic - luso kuti aulule choonadi tikakumana pankhani ya adani. Malinga Plato, chiphunzitso anali njira zomveka, amene pali chidziwitso cha zinthu - kayendedwe ka mosamala mfundo apamwamba otsika.

Mawonekedwe chachiwiri imatengedwa mbiri idealist dialectic anapereka ntchito chakale nthanthi akatswiri German (Kant, Hegel, Schelling).

Zotsatira wafika apamwamba mlingo wa chitukuko cha nzeru za Hegel. Malinga ndi woganiza, ndi dialectic - si luso mfundo mtsutso, kukambirana, koma yang'anani pa dziko lonse. Hegel ankakhulupirira kuti njira yakumvetsetsa chenicheni amaganizira kusatsatira a dziko, njira ubwenzi, zinthu zochitika, kusintha, khalidwe kutembenuka, komanso kusintha kwa apamwamba kwa m'munsi mwa kumakana chiyanjo lotha ndi kukula, latsopano.

Komabe, maganizo Hegel anali otukuka, zochokera mfundo zikuluzikulu idealist funso nzeru zaumunthu, ndipo sanathe kukhala chogwirizana ndi mapeto. Pokambirana woganiza akanangokhoza "ndikuganiza" ndi dialectic zinthu. Chitukuko cha dziko malinga Hegel anatsimikiza mogwirizana ndi kudzikonda chitukuko , "lingaliro la Mtheradi," lachinsinsi "mtendere wa mumtima" pa maziko a mfundo zokhudza iyeyo.

Chachitatu Mwambamwamba mawonekedwe mbiri imatengedwa kuti ndi zinthu zakuthupi dialectic. chitsanzo ichi chinali zomwe ndi Marx. Anamasula dialectic Hegelian wa zinthu lachinsinsi ndi chabe.

Chiphunzitso Marxist amakhala ndi Kudziwa za phunziro la zochitika, kuyesetsa kumvetsa chinthu yokha, zovuta maubwenzi angapo zinthu zina. bwino kwambiri maganizo zikugwirizananso ndi chiphunzitso cha zotengera malingaliridwe ndi cholinga dialectic.

cholinga, malinga Marx, ndi chitukuko cha kayendedwe m'dziko monga mu lonse limodzi. Mu nkhani iyi, dialectic sikumangotikhudza malingaliro a munthu ndi anthu.

Zotengera malingaliridwe Marx ankaona chitukuko ndi kayendedwe ka maganizo, malingaliro, kusonyeza cholinga zonse m'maganizo.

Choncho, choyambirira cholinga dialectic ndi zotengera malingaliridwe - ndi sekondale. The chachiwiri zimadalira choyamba, koma choyamba sikudalira pa lachiwiri. Kodi dialectics zotengera malingaliridwe akuganizira cholinga, monga chikugwirizana ndi mu okhutira.

Asayansi kuganizira kwambiri kulankhulana wamba kukuchitika m'madera onse a dziko.

Palinso chinthu choterocho ngati "dialectic wa moyo." Akukhulupirira kuti ambiri ndendende lingaliro ili anaulula Tolstoy, akulozera kumvetsa latsopano la umunthu.