The njira zomveka kuphunzira: sitepe ndi sitepe kalozera

Zochokera maonekedwe ndi malamulo a maganizo, mfundo njira zikuphatikizapo njira ndi njira kufufuza ndi malongosoledwe. Thiabendazole angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi ntchito kuphunzira zosiyanasiyana amalanga. Kukamba njira dialectics chikugwirizana ndi zinthu zakuthupi mu chiphunzitso cha chidziwitso, ndi mwamawonekedwe, mwachitsanzo, ndi njira yapadera mu chitukuko cha chowonadi malamulo, ndi zina zinthu zambiri.

chabwino

Zikomo kuti maonekedwe yache ndi mphamvu, nthaka malamulo ndi yabwino kwambiri chifukwa ntchito ndi ntchito maganizo. Chifukwa apa pali yokhala kumatanthauza, mogwirizana ndi mosamalitsa amodzi dongosolo, womwenso kwambiri za matanthauzo a dongosolo malamulo, logwirizana ndi malamulo kukhazikitsa mawu (mwa mtundu yapafupi, mitundu, kusiyana, khama chibadwa, kudzera za malangizo ndi zina zotero) lomveka njira m'munda wa lamulo limene kwathunthu kuonekera. Lililonse chilamulo cha mfundo - ndi zotsutsana za dzina, chifukwa chokwanira, lilibe lachitatu - amasonyeza mbali yaikulu ya njira imeneyi. ndondomeko zikuluzikulu ndi njira (makamaka yazamalamulo ndi lamulo yopanga ndondomeko) zimamangidwa mosamalitsa Malinga mitundu maganizo - malamulo a inferences opaleshoni, zigamulo, mfundo.

The njira zomveka ntchito pa siteji ya matanthauzo waukulu: malamulo ponseponse - chiweruzo chimene likukwaniritsa zofunikira za chiweruzo ambiri, ndi ntchito ya lamulo vuto kapena zenizeni munthu - ndi syllogism, ndiye deductive kulingalira, pamene lamulo - a chiyembekezo chachikulu, zochita mlanduwo - kutumiza yocheperako ndi chigamulo pa mlandu uli anamaliza. Kuyambira kale ali mu nkhokwe ya malamulo chitsanzochi, njira umboni ndi mfundo zomveka ntchito. Gwiritsani ntchito njira zomveka kuphunzira phunziro ndi malongosoledwe a ulamuliro n'kofunika. Njira yokhayo kupewa zotsutsana mu nyumba malamulo mpaka dongosolo bwino malamulo, kumene zabwino (alipo) Lamulo adapangana ndi zofunikira za chilengedwe, komanso kuti athe molondola kutsatira mfundo malamulo.

njira Common zomveka: kusanthula

Pali kaphatikizidwe, kusanthula idealization, abstraction, deduction, generalization, kufanizira, kupatsidwa ulemu, mawerengeredwe, ndi extrapolation kungoganizira mwa njira zomveka zokhudza njira ndi zochitika, cholinga dziko la zinthu.

Ayamba njira zomveka za kafukufuku (chidziwitso) ndi kuwunika, kuti ilipo ndi ndandanda, kusanthula kung'ambika kwa chinthu kuphunzira. Njira imeneyi ndi unazunguliridwa mu zinthu m'maganizo kapena othandiza parsing zikuchokera - mbali, katundu, mbali structural, kenako aliyense mchitidwe ayenera kukhala phunziro osiyana monga mbali ya lonse. Analysis ali yosiyanasiyana malingana ndi chinthu yapadera yomwe ali nako kuphunzira. Asayansi amakono amatenga mu kusanthula utumiki dongosolo - njira kuti chinthu pansi kuphunzira dongosolo bungwe, pamene nyengo ndi inseparably ndi organically interlinked kusintha mzake.

zomveka kusanthula njira monga njira methodological ndi zipatso za ntchito chidziwitso, ndiyo kuphunzira kudziwa anthu onse a mtundu uliwonse ndi mitundu, ndi chidziwitso lofotokozedwa mu chinenero zachilengedwe ndi njira yokumba, potengera malamulo maganizo. Mwachitsanzo, mwa kuphunzira chitaganya dongosolo lonse, kusanthula ndi mwadongosolo lagawidwa mbali ya ndale, a zachuma, makhalidwe abwino, malamulo, ndi zina zotero, kumene mbali iliyonse ya kukhalapo chikhalidwe ndi chikumbumtima ndi ankafufuza payokha. The njira zomveka za chidziwitso mwa kusanthula kuwulula zinthu structural - Mitundu, mitundu, kuchuluka kwa kudziwa cholinga mawu enieni. Kenako anapereka ubwenzi wawo, zoona kapena Bodza la mawu, limamveketsa ndi zida cilamulo kuti zipangizo chidziwitso, anakhazikitsa n'loonadi, kugwirizana ndi zotuluka pa chidziwitso.

kaphatikizidwe

Kaphatikizidwe - mbali ya kafukufuku, popanda imene palibe structural ndi zomveka njira. Kudzera kaphatikizidwe wa nzeru zonse zilipo chikuphatikizidwa mu lonse. Pali regularities malamulo ndi malamulo okhazikitsidwa pa maziko a kufufuza, ndi postulates zonse za chiphunzitso ambiri a boma ndi malamulo, komanso interdepartmental wapadera ndi chiphunzitso departmental malamulo.

Kwenikweni kuganiza munthu nthawi zonse amagwiritsa ntchito njira zomveka, kusanthula ndi kaphatikizidwe nthawi zonse ndi zogwirizana. Mwachitsanzo nthawi yomweyo mawunikidwe ndi kupanga njira yoganizira wazamalamulo wabwino - Wotiyimira, loya, woweruza, ndipo wapolisiyo. ntchito Professional Mwachitsanzo, oweruza ndithu amapereka Khadili zipangizo zonse anagonjera bwalo, ndiye maziko a maphunziro amene kuwerenga ndi kumvetsera, iwo analemba maganizo chithunzi thunzi chokwanira cha choncho. Choncho kudalirana kwa kusanthula ndi kaphatikizidwe amathandiza khalidwe zolondola ndi tsankho la myesowu.

abstraction

General njira mfundo sayansi akhoza wodzilemekeza ndi abstraction (abstraction), zomwe ndi ndondomeko ya kusokonezedwa maganizo linalake katundu ambiri kapena zenizeni, mabwenzi, makhalidwe ya nkhaniyi phunziro, monga panopa sanena chidwi. Aristotle - woyambitsa ndi maganizo -traktoval abstraction monga njira yolekanitsa onse mwangozi yachiwiri ya kwathunthu ndi wamkulu. Tsopano ntchito akuti ndi onse kwambiri. Izi njira za sayansi ndi zomveka mu tsiku ndi tsiku mu sayansi, ndi limene aligorivimu ndi dongosolo la ndondomeko malinga ndi malamulo a abstraction chododometsa, ndi kumanga zinthu umboni mu sayansi. Akamanena za njira imeneyi si zazing'ono ngati zikuoneka. Choyamba m'pofunika, kamodzinso, kuphunzira zambiri zokhudza chinthu chenicheni, chodabwitsa kapena ndondomeko, kupatulapo mmenemo zosiyanasiyana makhalidwe, zikhumbo, katundu, kenako anazikankhira pambali sekondale.

Izi ndi njira inanso yophunzirira ndi zotsatira. Ndiko kuti, ndondomeko ya kafukufuku - kuphunzira zochitika ndi zinthu, ndi cholinga ndi kupeza makhalidwe enieni. The chifukwa ali yemweyo - kudziwa wabweza mu magawo, mfundo, maganizo, malingaliro, mfundo, malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, logic sadziwa zinthu zosafuni- payekha pamene kuphunzira kaganizidwe aliyense, ndipo ambiri ofanana kwa nzika zonse, amaganizira. Loya wina, mwachitsanzo, maganizo ndi Lamulo malamulo malamulo, kotero abstracted ku mitundu yonse ya mawonetseredwe ubale ndi anthu, ndipo amafufuza makamaka malamulo, T. E. Only zimene walamula ndi malamulo ena a boma.

idealization

Mtundu uwu wa abstraction zimathandiza kuti zinthu abwino. Lingaliro la chinthu idealized isiyana ndi mfundo zina limodzi ndi mbali kwenikweni chinthu akuzindikiridwa ndi iwo amene ali kutali katundu leni ndi mtundu oyera nkhani mayeso sananene konse. idealization njira mu sayansi masiku ano ongolankhula zinthu zimene kuthandiza kumanga mfundo ndi mfundo zokhudza nkhani kwenikweni alipo. Mawu amenewa ntchito m'njira ziwiri - monga ndondomeko ndi chifukwa, amenenso zofanana kwambiri ndi njira kusanthula. Ubwino woyamba kuwamva monga idealization maganizo idealized chinthu analenga pamene kupanga mfundo idealized, i.e. mavuto tinganene ndipo anafotokoza ndi chinthu weniweni.

Chifukwa cha ndondomeko iyi pali mfundo idealized ndi malamulo, ndipo amatchedwa yamanga zomveka. Chitsanzo cha chinthu idealized kungachititse mfundo za lamulo. Lingaliro ndi apo, koma lamulo mu mawonekedwe imene ambiri amadziwira, kulibe panobe. Komabe, maloya ntchito mfundo imeneyi kumanga mfundo, kuzindikira za zochitika zina mabungwe zenizeni dziko, monga limati, pa maziko amene ndi lamulo chibadidwe kuti: ufulu wa anthu enshrined constitutionally mwalamulo, malamulo mosavuta boma ndi anthu moyo, umunthu mwalamulo otetezedwa, ndi zina zotero.

Generalization, kupatsidwa ulemu ndi deduction

Ndi m'kati generalization anapanga lolingana malingaliro, mfundo ndi mfundo. Njira imeneyi ndi kudziwa malamulo akhoza kukhalapo mu mawonekedwe a generalizations zochokera kusanthula zinachitikira akatswiri milandu yeniyeni, mu mawonekedwe a kupanga chiphunzitso mwalamulo ongolankhula generalization ntchito yomanga ndi kukhazikitsa ntchito malamulo othandiza, mu mawonekedwe a generalizations makampani chiphunzitso wazotsatira ya malamulo.

Kupatsidwa ulemu ndi deduction njira kudziwa zomveka ntchito mfundo losakira kuchokera deta athandizira. njira onse ndi kumene kumayambitsa: deduction kumathandiza kutengapo maganizo pa malingaliro ongolankhula, malamulo, mfundo, monga chikugwirizana ndi mayikidwe a chinthu idealized, ndi kupatsidwa ulemu mwachidule regularities wazotsatira. Kudziwa zomwe zimapangidwa ndi kupatsidwa ulemu, ndi kokha chofunika zikamera wa zinthu zatsopano - woonekeratu, lomwe kale kukhala kulungamitsidwa ongolankhula choonadi tsankho.

Kufanizira, extrapolation

Kufanizira - imodzi mwa njira zothandiza kwambiri ndondomeko chidziwitso. Mothandizidwa ndi kutulukiridwa kwakukulu mu sayansi zidalengedwa. Akamanena za ndi ena katundu ndi makhalidwe ndi inasamutsidwa kuchoka ku chinthu chimodzi kafukufuku wina mu njira yomweyo ubale kutengedwa ndi kugwirizana pakati ndi akanema ena a zinthu.

Extrapolation - mtundu wa kupatsidwa ulemu, generalization ndi chitsanzochi, njira imeneyi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu pafupifupi onse sayansi. makhalidwe Mkhalidwe kufalitsa m'madera chinthu china, akale m'tsogolo kuchokera pano m'tsogolo, makhalidwe kachulukidwe ndi kunditumiza ku njira yomweyo, ena m'dera wa akatswiri equalized ndi zina ngati masamu njira kupatsidwa ulemu mwachitsanzo. Nthawi zambiri, extrapolation njira ntchito kuti zanyengo kulungamitsidwa kudziwa kutengerapo m'madera ena nkhani. Achilamulo ndi chitsanzo cha chilamulo ndi chitsanzo cha lamulo.

kayeseleledwe kungoganizira

Mawerengeredwe mu sayansi yamakono ntchito mwakhama kwambiri kupeza njira zopezera zotsatira atsopano sayansi. Akamanena za njira imeneyi pomanga chitsanzo kuti amaphunzira zinthu chikhalidwe kapena zachilengedwe. Mu chitsanzo lavomerezedwa kumvetsa kwambiri, zingakhale: njira analogi, mtundu wa dongosolo, chiphunzitso, view dziko, kutanthauzira aligorivimu ndi zina zambiri. Ngati ndi kosatheka kuphunzira mwachindunji chinthu, chitsanzo imalimbikitsa m'malo ndi Potsanzira pachiyambi. Mwachitsanzo, kuyesera investigative.

A amanena (kungoganizira), monga njira ntchito tanthauzo kudziwa mabvuto kapena lingaliro kuphatikiza chifukwa cha nzeru kachitidwe kawo. kanthu malamulo amagwiritsa ntchito amanena mu matanthauzo ake onse: anamanga Chapafupi monga umboni wa munthu wina chinthu, chodabwitsa kapena ndondomeko, ndi kulemekeza zimayambitsa mavuto ndi kuneneratu za m'tsogolo. Deta omwewo angakhale mfundo zingapo malingaliro, otchedwa Baibulo. Gwiritsani ntchito njira imeneyi kwa kufufuza azamalamulo.

Ofunda-zomveka njira

Chidziwitso cha choonadi cha linanena bungwe anayesedwa amathandiza kuti malamulo maganizo ofunda. choonadi kale anakhazikitsa, ndiwo maziko a anapezazo ndi, sikutanthauza kupeza zinachitikira iliyonse makamaka ngati kudziwa akamagwira ntchito malamulo a maganizo. njira Mfundo za kafukufuku zinthu zonse ziwiri mfundo miyambo ndi masamu.

Choyamba kupeza anapezazo latsopano amagwiritsa kusanthula kaphatikizidwe, kupatsidwa ulemu, deduction, abstraction, mfundo, ndi kufanizitsa kufanizira. A masamu, amatchedwanso ophiphiritsa mfundo lokhudza ofunda mavuto mfundo njira zambiri okhwima ntchito masamu. Special chinenero chilinganizo akhoza kufotokoza mokwanira bwino maonekedwe a zomveka umboni wa kapangidwe ndi kumanga chiphunzitso okhwima yeniyeni, kutsatira kufotokoza maweruzo kukula awo - kufotokoza mfundo.

njira zakale

njira yosiyana kafukufuku ntchito yomanga kudziwa ongolankhula wa akutulukira ndi zovuta zinthu zimene sangathe ankaimba ndi zinachitikira. Mwachitsanzo, chilengedwe. Kodi kuona mapangidwe ake, magwero a mitundu ndi zikamera wa munthu? Apa kuthandiza mbiri ndi zomveka njira cognition. Njira zakale kuganiza kudutsa mu nkhani yeniyeni ndi zosiyanasiyana mfundo zake, kudziwa mabuku a mbiri yakale komanso m'maganizo recreate ndondomeko mbiri, kuwulula chitsanzo zomveka chitukuko.

Chomwecho mfundo limatchula dongosolo mu njira ina iliyonse. Iye sayenera mwachindunji tione patsogolo mbiri yeniyeni, amasonyeza kuti cholinga chenicheni cha kuphunzira ndondomeko mbiri pa magawo apamwamba a chitukuko, kumene wothinikizidwa imabereka kapangidwe ndi kugwira ntchito kwa zamoyo mbiri ya zinthu zofunika. Njira zabwino zamoyo, zomwe akubwerezedwa mu ontogeny wa phylogeny. Ndipo mbiri ndi zomveka njira kulibe monga njira ya kumanga kudziwa mwangwiro ongolankhula.