Mabuku akale: tanthauzo, Mitundu, mbiri

Mawu akuti "mabuku akale" amatanthauza ngati stratum chikhalidwe Russian, nthaŵi kuchokera XI m'ma XVII. Ntchito analenga m'nthawi ino, yodziwika ndi chiyambi ndipo apachiyambi. Kusiyanaku ikukhudzana makamaka mfundo yakuti chikhalidwe cha Russia wakale sanali ofanana ina iriyonse nthawi akale.

mbali khalidwe

Mbali yaikulu, amene ali ndi mabuku akale Russian, ndipo pa nthawi yomweyo ndipo differentiator chake chachikulu pa zinthu kuti alipo mu chikhalidwe Western, ndi kuti anafuna osati pa zosangalatsa yopuma kuwerenga. Cholinga, amene anafunsa olemba pa zaka zonsezi, anali malangizo chimakhala chauzimu. ntchito zawo titonthozedwa, anadutsa zinachitikira mibadwo, anakwera mzimu kukonda dziko. Choncho, makhalidwe Mabuku - zothandiza zopelekedwa, journalistic.

Chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu za zithunzi luso ntchito panthawi imeneyo weniweni chochitika mbiri. Zongopeka storyline za iwo. Olemba zambiri ankafotokozedwa zinthuzo anaona okha. Sanathe patali cholinga malo.

Ntchito monga mabuku akale, zinapatsira ndi mzimu zapadera kukonda dziko. Iwoŵa historicism, koma pa nthawi yomweyo, ayenera ananena za mbali ina khalidwe - kudzibisa. olemba angapo achoka mayina awo pa tsamba wa zolengedwa zimenezi, ngakhale anawalemba, ndithudi, mwa dzanja. khalidwe pamanja akhoza zimachitika ndi makhalidwe lenileni lomwe lili mabuku akale. Woyamba kusindikizidwa buku anaonekera mu Russia pasanafike kumadzulo kwa Ulaya. Ndipo chifukwa manda chikhalidwe Ancient Russia - kaŵirikaŵiri pamanja.

Mphamvu ya kayendedwe zina zolembalemba

Monga tanenera kale, olemba ntchito wakale sankaona kofunika kuchereza owerenga awo ulendo nkhani zovuta kumvetsa. Ndipo chifukwa m'mabuku a nthawi kuti palibe kanthu chimene izo zikhoza kukhala zopeka. An ntchito yofunika ya ntchito zaluso anali Kukula kwa chikumbumtima wauzimu.

Ancient Russian mabuku ndi chosiyana kwambiri. Mu ntchito ina n'zosatheka kupeza zinthu zofanana. Komabe, panali zinthu zina chikoka hagiographic mabuku. Chikhristu kale mu Russia. Ndipo ndi pamenepa kayendedwe akale zolembalemba, amene anayambitsa mu zolemba Byzantine kachipembedzo, olemba anatengera zothandiza ndi uzimu. Koma nthawi yomweyo pamasamba ntchito zawo angapezeke mithunzi ya mtundu dziko. Mu ntchito za olemba wakale, kumene, chimasonyeza ntchito ya folklore. Izi anawonetseredwa makamaka mafano a m'nkhaniyi.

khalidwe abwino

Muyezo waukulu umene kugwilizana ndi osiyana ndi mfundo wakale mabuku ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha maganizo ndi chauzimu kukongola kwa khalidwe waukulu. Iye sakanakhoza kukhala khalidwe negative. Wokongola zitha kukhala munthu wabwino. A njira chokha munthu ndi moyo wolemekezeka. Chotero mbewu kunayamba Russian wowerengeka luso.

Pa Writers of Ancient Lazaro anali ndi udindo waukulu. Agwilitse bwino udindo woganizirana, chikondwerero kwawo ndi nkhawa mtima wake. Malinga ndi otsutsa amakono, ntchito mabuku akale anathandiza kulimbikitsa umodzi wa anthu. Chitsimikizo cha mfundo imeneyi ndi "Lay."

Alexander Musin-Pushkin

munthu uyu anali wodziwika panthawiyo chithunzi anthu, mosamala wokhometsa wa m'nthano. Wake modabwitsa chidwi ndi mbiri ya mabuku akale Russian. Ndipo "Lay" anali Werengani loyamba ndi munthu amene.

Mu 1792 anagwira ntchito yachokera kwa Mpulumutsi agulupa ya Yaroslavl ndipo anapeza buku la mipukutu yakale. Mwatsoka, pa nkhondo ya 1812, chikalata ichi linapsa. Musin-Pushkin kunapangitsa anapezazo mu Moscow yachokera, pamene iye anafa mu moto lodziwika bwino. Choncho, ngakhale choyambirira kapena bukuli si anapulumuka. Komabe, pali umboni wa "Mawu" lodalirika. Akatswiri kuphunzira chinthu chimene mbiri ya mabuku akale, anatulukira chipilala yaikulu ya chikhalidwe Russian "Transdoniad" ochokera mawu a pamanja a.

chiwembu

"Ikani" ndi, monga ena Old Russian chilengedwe, chikhalidwe mbiri. Pa mtima wa nkhani zochitika kugwirizana ndi ntchito yochotsa ndi Polovtsy Novgorod-Seversky Prince Igorya Svyatoslavovicha. Mtopola umenewu unachitika mu 1185. Njira zikuluzikulu za chiwembu, monga mwa ntchito za mabuku ena wakale vuto, pachimake, kutonthozana. Ichi ndi chithunzi khalidwe kwa kutsogolera asilikali - ya m'modzi wa Mitundu yaikulu ya nthawi chikhalidwe.

Mutu kapangidwe "Mawu"

chiwembu aikidwa, oddly mokwanira, osati chiyambi cha ntchito, ndi pang'ono pokha. Chotero eg anafotokoza chifukwa chakuti wolemba anasankha kuyang'ana umembala kwenikweni analipira. , Iye anazindikira nthawi chimango cha ntchito yake ndi dziŵani owerenga ndi kalembedwe ake apaderadera a ofotokozera. Chiwembu - kusankha Igor kukwera.

Development wa chiwembu - ndi zochitika monga kadamsana dzuwa, ndi nkhondo yoyamba. Pa kukwaniritsidwa kwa izi ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa asilikali Russian ndi adani a Igor. Decoupling nkhani ndi kuthawa ukapolo, komanso kukondwa kwa anthu a m'dziko la Russia.

Mu nkhani pali zambiri kukopera mthunzi ndipo zithunzi luso. zinthu izi zonse kutumikira kulimbikitsa mfundo ya ntchito, ndilo kugwirizanitsa anthu onse Russian kumenyana ndi mdani kunja.

Polemba chinenero "Lay" amatanthauza m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Nyimbo imeneyi ndakatulo, ndi nkhani amunamuna. Ambiri mwina, ntchito imeneyi akhoza zimachitika ndi limodzi mwa magulu akuluakulu luso - mawu. ndi Mitundu ina ya mabuku akale tiyenera kuziganizira. Ena ali ndi khalidwe chosiyana pamene ena atengedwa ndi zinthu zina.

moyo

Various mankhwala mitundu ndi monga mabuku akale. Moyo - mmodzi wa nyengo ndi mtundu wanyimbo. Adzaupereka kwa mabuku mpingo. Phunziro la fano ntchito zimenezi ndizo moyo ndi ntchito za oyera mtima.

Moyo - ndi mtundu wa mbiri luso la ina ya umunthu lodziwika bwino amene canonised. The mankhwala mu mtundu wanyimbo kawirikawiri zikuchita ndi zochitika yophimba nthawi kuyambira kumayambiriro a mbali yaikulu mu kuwala, ndipo imfa yake. The zikuchokera ali ndi kumanga annular. A chitsanzo chapadera - "The Life of Sergiya Radonezhskogo".

Izo ziyenera kuti palibe ntchito ya olemba wakale sikuthandiza padera. Ntchito azigwirizana kukula, iwo pang'onopang'ono olembedwa nkhani yatsopano ya zozizwitsa kugwirizana ndi zochita za oyera mtima. khalidwe amenewa ndi buku ndi asilikali, anthu amene zapiringizana ndi mzake.

Mitundu ina

Annals ndi mbiri zambiri za zochitika wofunika m'mbiri. Kumene, mbali yaikulu ku ntchito polemba chinenero ichi chinali journalistic. Mu njira imeneyi luso pafupifupi osati ntchito. Dzina lokha ndi chifukwa chakuti timva zinalengedwa chaka chilichonse, ndipo aliyense wa iwo akuyamba ndi mawu akuti: "M'chaka ...".

Olemba adafuna kulenga ndi tsimikizira chitsanzo cha khalidwe onse a anthu akale. Chifukwa chaichi iwo anamanga zothandiza ntchito choyambirira omwe kawirikawiri m'gulu Mbiri. Malamulo amene adzakhala mwachindunji mu ulemu wa aliyense - kuchokera kalonga kwa munthu wamba. Izi polemba chinenero mabuku akale monga langizo.

nkhani asilikali anasonyeza kuti nkhondo asilikali Russian adani achilendo. Ntchito zoterozo zikhoza kukhala mbali ya m'bukuli. Koma nthawi zambiri iwo anali chilengedwe chonse ndiponso osiyana.

Ambiri ntchito wapatali zikomo wakale Russian kuti zopelekedwa chikhalidwe chake ndipo n'zofunika magwero mbiri ndi cholowa cha chikhalidwe cha dziko.