Central ndi zotumphukira mantha dongosolo: kapangidwe ndi ntchito

Kukhoza opareshoni ya ubongo pa amadzibisa zosiyanasiyana ndi zofunika pamoyo wa munthu amene. Mantha dongosolo la munthu ndi dongosolo zikuluzikulu za chamoyo.

malingaliro amakono za ntchito ya ubongo

Zovuta kulankhulana network amene amaimira ngati sayansi ya mantha dongosolo kwachilengedwenso lagawidwa chapakati ndi zotumphukira, malingana ndi malo maselo mitsempha okha. Woyamba umabweretsa pamodzi maselo ili mu ubongo ndi chingwe msana. Koma mitsempha minofu, zomwe zili kunja kupanga dongosolo zotumphukira mantha (PNS).

Chapakati mantha dongosolo (CNS) zipangizo ntchito yaikulu ya processing ndi kufala kwa nkhani, kucheza ndi chilengedwe. Mantha dongosolo ntchito pa mfundo reflex. Reflex - ndiko kuyankha chiwalo kuyabwa yeniyeni. Amagwira ntchito ndondomeko imeneyi maselo mitsempha mu ubongo. Atalandira mfundo manyuroni mu PNS, iwo ndi kukonzedwa natuma patsogolo mu thupi wamkulu. Malinga ndi mfundo imeneyi anapanga zonse zaufulu ndi kayendedwe musanaganizire, akaona ntchito (ntchito chidziwitso), akuganiza ndi kukumbukira, ndi zina zotero D..

zimagwirira ma

Kaya ntchito za dongosolo chapakati ndi zotumphukira mantha ndi selo malo, manyuroni ndi makhalidwe ena ofanana ndi maselo onse a m'thupi. Motero, aliyense minyewa wapangidwa ndi:

• Kakhungu kapena Kakhungu cytoplasmic;
• cytoplasm kapena malo pakati pa chipolopolo ndi selo pakati wodzala ndi madzimadzi okhudza maselo ambiri;
• mitochondria, zimene zimapereka mphamvu minyewa yokha, limene analandira kuchokera shuga ndi mpweya;
• microtubes - nyumba woonda kuti ntchito thandizo ndi kuthandiza selo kukhala njira yaikulu;
• endoplasmic reticulum - Intaneti mkati, zomwe selo limagwiritsa ntchito Kudzidalira.

Akusiyanira maselo mitsempha

maselo mitsempha ndi zinthu zopatsa udindo kulankhulana awo ndi manyuroni ena.

Axons - njira yaikulu ya maselo mitsempha, zimene zili anasamutsidwa ndi dera ubongo. The zambiri kufalitsa HIV njira ndipamene ubongo wamkulu ndi axon ake nthambi.

Dendrites - njira zina za minyewa ya. Iwo anapeza athandizira synapses - mfundo zenizeni kumene anakumana ndi manyuroni. Motero, ukubwera kuitana chizindikiro okhudza mitsempha Zofanana HIV.

Gawo ndi katundu maselo mitsempha

Mitsempha maselo, kapena manyuroni, anawagawa m'magulu ambiri ndipo subgroups, malinga specialization awo zinchito, ndi malo maukonde ubongo.

zinthu udindo kuzindikira kwenikweni za zimene zikuchitika kunja (masomphenya, kumva, chogwirika kukhudza, kununkhiza, ndi zina zotero. D.), Otchedwa kukhudza. Manyuroni, amene amaphatikiza maukonde kupereka ntchito galimoto amatchedwa galimoto. Komanso mu National Assembly ndi manyuroni wosanganiza kuti ntchito mosalekeza.

Malinga ndi malo a ubongo ndi ulemu kwa ubongo ndi ulamuliro wamkulu, maselo akhoza kukhala yaikulu, sekondale, ndi zina zotero D..

Chibadwa manyuroni udindo kaphatikizidwe wa mamolekyulu yeniyeni, imene anthu kumanga kugwirizana synaptic ndi zimakhala zina, koma maselo mitsempha alibe luso kugawikana.

Ndi zochokera mava awa ndi ambiri mabuku amene "maselo mitsempha musati buluzi." Kumene, sangathe kugawanitsa manyuroni sangathe buluzi. Koma ali yense chachiwiri angalenge kwambiri mgwirizano watsopano ubongo kugwira ntchito zovuta.

Choncho, maselo ndi ma kuti zonse kulenga maubale atsopano ndi latsopano. Choncho akufotokozera zovuta ubongo zopezera aya. Chilengedwe cha kugwirizana latsopano mu ubongo kumabweretsa kukula kwa nzeru, ndikuganiza. Minofu nzeru amadziwikanso osauka chimodzimodzi. ubongo ndi irreversibly bwino kuphunzitsa zonse zatsopano ndi atsopano galimoto ntchito.

Kukula kwa nzeru maganizo, thupi ndi maganizo amapezeka wamanjenje dongosolo mofananamo. Koma ngati cholinga ndi pa chinthu chimodzi, ntchito zina osati kukhala msangamsanga choncho.

ubongo

Ubongo wa munthu wamkulu umalemera pafupifupi 1.3-1.5 makilogalamu. Asayansi apeza kuti mpaka 22, kulemera pang'onopang'ono kumawonjezera, ndipo patapita zaka 75 wayamba ndichepe.

ubongo pafupifupi munthu ali oposa 100 thililiyoni kugwirizana magetsi, zomwe ndi kangapo lalikulu kuposa kugwirizana pa zipangizo zonse magetsi m'dziko.

Kuphunzira komanso kuyesetsa kusintha ubongo ntchito, ofufuza amathera zaka zambiri ndipo mamiliyoni a madola.

mbali ya ubongo, makhalidwe awo zinchito

Iwo akhoza ankaona kudziwa panopa za ubongo chokwanira. Makamaka poganizira kuti ulaliki wa sayansi ya ntchito za mbali munthu ubongo atipatsa chitukuko cha ubongo, neurosurgery.

ubongo lagawidwa m'zigawo izi:

1. Forebrain. Forebrain nthawi zimachitika "apamwamba" ntchito maganizo. Pamafunikanso:

• ndi lobes mazunzo, udindo woyang'anira ntchito za m'madera ena;
• lobes wosakhalitsa, udindo kumva ndi mau;
• lobes parietal zonse zoyenda kulamulira ndi kuzindikira kwenikweni.
• lobes occipital ali ndi udindo ntchito zithunzi.

2. midbrain zikuphatikizapo:

• Thalamus kumene processing limapezeka pafupifupi onse mudziwe m'gulu forebrain lapansi.
• The ubongo imene imalamulira kutentha asaaonerera pa mfundo dongosolo chapakati ndi zotumphukira mantha ndi NS autonomic.

3. hindbrain zikuphatikizapo:

• The medulla oblongata, amene ali ndi udindo kwa lamulo kaimbidwe kwachilengedwenso ndi chidwi.
• Ubongo tsinde zinagwira njira mitsempha kuti imvera ubongo kulankhulana ndi nyumba msana, mtundu wa kugwirizana pakati pa dongosolo chapakati ndi zotumphukira mantha.
• Cerebellum, ubongo kapena ang'ono, ndi chakhumi cha unyinji wa ubongo. awiri hemispheres oziziritsa zili pamwamba. Ku ntchito ya cerebellum chimadalira pa mgwirizano kayendedwe, luso ndi kaonedwe m'malere.

msana

Pafupifupi kutalika chingwe msana munthu wamkulu pafupifupi 44 cm.

Iwo anachokera ku tsinde ubongo ndi kudutsa magnum foramen mu chigaza cha. Izo zikutsiriza pa mlingo wa chachiwiri lumbar linkawonongeka. Mapeto a chingwe msana amatchedwa ubongo phirilo. Izo ukutha ndi kudzikundikira wa lumbar ndi misempha sacral.

Ku nthambi msana kunja awiriawiri 31 misempha msana. Iwo asapasana kulumikiza mbali ya ubongo: chapakati ndi zotumphukira. Ndondomeko izi gawo la thupi ndi ziwalo kulandira chizindikiro kwa PSD lapansi.

Mu chingwe msana palinso processing yaikulu ya nkhani reflex, potero mofulumira ndondomeko mayankho anthu zikuchitika pangozi.

CSF kapena ubongo madzimadzi, amagwera ubongo ndi msana, aumbike mwa ubongo malo mtima slits kuchokera m'madzi a m'magazi.

Bwinobwino ayenera kukhala mosalekeza kufalitsidwa. Mowa amalenga zonse mkati cranial kuthamanga, amachita cushioning ndi ntchito yoteteza. Analysis wa zikuchokera CSF - ndi imodzi mwa njira zosavuta matenda matenda aakulu Na.

Kodi kumawononga dongosolo chapakati mantha ya chiyambi osiyana

Matenda ya ubongo, malingana ndi nyengo, lagawidwa:

1. Predperinatalnye - ubongo mu utero.
2. Perinatal - pamene kuwonongeka zidzachitika yobereka ndi maola woyamba atabadwa.
3. Postnatal - pamene msana kapena ubongo choipa zikadzatha kubadwa.

Malinga a CNS ogaŵikana:

1. Mantha (odziwika). Tiyenera kuganizira kuti mantha dongosolo ndi yofunika kwambiri kuti zamoyo, ndi ku mawonedwe kwa zinthu, kotero ubongo ndi msana kutetezedwa pafupi zipolopolo okolomozgovye madzimadzi ndi fupa minofu. Komabe, nthawi zina, chitetezo izi sikokwanira. Ena amatha kuvulala kuwononga dongosolo chapakati ndi zotumphukira mantha. Mantha msana avulala zambiri amakhala ndi zotsatira zoipa sizingasinthe. Nthawi zambiri, ziwalo izi, kwa osachiritsika yemweyo (limodzi ndi pang'onopang'ono kufa kuchokera kwa manyuroni). The apamwamba kuwonongeka kwachitika, ndi paresis yaikulu (yafupika minofu nyonga). The kuvulala ambiri amaona kuti kukhala omasuka ndi chatsekedwa concussion.
2. Organic CNS zotupa amayambira pobereka ndi kuyambitsa khunyu la ubongo. Iwo chichokera kupanda mpweya (hypoxia). Ndi zotsatira za ntchito yaitali kapena chingwe kukodwa. Malinga ndi nyengo ya hypoxia, khunyu la ubongo mwina madigiri zosiyanasiyana za kuopsa kwa ofatsa kwambiri, amene anatsagana ndi manja ntchito zovuta za dongosolo chapakati ndi zotumphukira mantha. CNS zotsatirazi sitiroko komanso chimatanthauza organic.
3. Chibadwa anatsimikiza chapakati mantha dongosolo zotupa ndi chifukwa masinthidwe unyolo chibadwa. Amaonedwa kukhala cholowa. Ambiri - syndrome Down ndi, matenda Tourette a, satha kulankhula bwinobwino (majini-kagayidwe kachakudya matenda) zimene zimachitika mwamsanga pambuyo pa kubadwa kapena mu chaka choyamba cha moyo. matenda Kensington, ndi Parkinson, Alzheimer ndi osachiritsika ankaona kulankhula mu m'badwo pakati kapena zaka.
4. Encephalopathy - zambiri zimachitika monga chotsatira cha chiwonongeko cha tizilombo matenda ubongo minofu (herpetic encephalopathy, meningococcal, cytomegalovirus).

Kapangidwe ka mantha dongosolo zotumphukira

PNS kupanga maselo mitsempha yomwe ili kunja ubongo ndi ngalande msana. Amakhala ganglia (cranial, msana ndi autonomic). Komanso mu PNS, pali awiriawiri 31 misempha ndi mapeto mitsempha.

M'njira zinchito, ndi PNS tichipeza wa manyuroni somatic opereka zikhumbo galimoto ndipo anakumana ndi maselo ziwalo nzeru, ndi vegetative, amene ali ndi udindo ntchito ya ziwalo. Zotumphukira nyumba ubongo muli galimoto, ndipo ulusi autonomic sensetivnye.

njira yotupa

Matenda a chapakati ndi zotumphukira machitidwe mantha ndi osiyana kwambiri m'chilengedwe. Ngati CNS choipa zambiri ndi zovuta, tanthauzo lonse, matenda PNS nthawi zambiri anawonetseredwa mu mawonekedwe a pasukuluyi yotupa m'madera a ganglia. Mu yochizira matenda, kutupa amenewa amatchedwa neuralgia.

neuralgia - chowawa kutupa mu zone ya kudzikundikira ganglion, kukondoweza kwa zomwe zimabweretsa lakuthwa reflex twinge. Ndi neuralgia monga polyneuritis, radiculitis, kutupa kapena lumbar trigeminal mitsempha, plexitis ndi monga D..

Udindo chapakati ndi zotumphukira machitidwe mantha mu kasinthidwe ka thupi la munthu

Mantha dongosolo - yekhayo wa kachitidwe ka thupi la munthu kuti angathe bwino. Kapangidwe zovuta za dongosolo chapakati ndi zotumphukira mantha ndi osiyana ndi evolutionarily. ubongo ali ndi katundu wapadera - neuroplasticity. Ndi luso maselo CNS kutenga pa ntchito ya pafupi maselo akufa, kumanga kugwirizana latsopano ubongo. Ikufotokoza zachilengedwe zamankhwala, ana ndi zotupa organic ubongo akupangidwa kuyenda ophunzitsidwa, kulankhula, ndi zina zotero. D., Ndipo anthu pambuyo sitiroko pa nthawi, kubwezeretsa mphamvu kuyenda bwinobwino. Izi zonse yoyamba yomanga mamiliyoni limasonyeza latsopano pakati chapakati ndi zotumphukira mbali ya ubongo.

Ndi patsogolo zosiyanasiyana odwala njira kuchira pambuyo choipa ubongo anabadwa komanso njira chitukuko anthu. Iwo zochokera zomveka kopanda kuti ngati chapakati ndi zotumphukira mantha dongosolo angachire ku kuvulala, athanzi mitsempha maselo amathanso kukhala angathe ndi pafupifupi wosatha.