Lamulo lachiwiri yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe

Ngakhale kalelo wakhala anaona kutentha yogawa chitsanzo: kutentha mwina zokha kusuntha kwa thupi mkangano pa kutentha apamwamba ndi zochepa mkangano. The chachiwiri malamulo yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe, limafotokoza zimene mnjira anatulukira ndi kuyesera. Kwa nthawi yoyamba zafotokozedwa ake 1824 S. Carnot, ntchito yokonza French, amene amadziŵika bwanji ndipo kodi zinthu moto ankadutsa ntchito zothandiza pa makina a nthawi. Mu pakati pa XIX m'ma pa maziko a German wasayansi Rudolf Clausius anakonza lamulo, lomwe tsopano amalitcha lamulo lachiwiri yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe. Kwenikweni ake ndi kutentha konse amapita ku thupi mkangano kuchokera zochepa mkangano zokha, mwachitsanzo kulanda kutentha kwa thupi ndi apamwamba kutentha ayenera kulipidwa ndi kotunga kunja mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, refrigeration kachitidwe. Kenako, William Thomson ndi ena asayansi ena momveka bwino mawu a m'chilamulo.

Mfundo ayenera kumvetsa ngakhale chofala kwambiri kuposa mankhwala a Rudolf Clausius. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito kutembenuka mu kutentha. Iwo akhoza kupangidwa ndi mphamvu kukhululukirana. Ntchito imeneyi ikumasuliridwa kutentha kwathunthu, popanda khama owonjezera ndi malipiro anu. Kutembenukanso palokha zosatheka. Kutembenuka kwa kutentha chifukwa mu ntchito - ndi ndondomeko yokumba, ie, zofuna zapadera, zinthu chongopeka anakonza.

Ambiri, lamulo lachiwiri yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe, kukonza mfundo ndiponso malangizo a otaya zinangokhalako zokha. Otuluka izo, zingathe kufotokozedwa pogwiritsa ntchito nambala ya zipangizo. Choncho, injini kutentha ntchito ndi kusiyana kutentha imene kutentha inasamutsidwa kuchoka yotentha kumadera ozizira - kuchokera teplootdatchika kwa koziziritsira. Pankhaniyi, dzuwa chipangizo sangakhale zana pa zana. Kuti si onse kutentha n'kukhala ntchito, koma gawo chabe la izo. Izi zikhoza pang'ono kufotokoza mfundo yakuti kulenga lopitirira zoyenda makina (wachiwiri dongosolo) ndi mfundo zosatheka. M'mawu ena, konse kuyambitsa chipangizo kuti kutsatira kwathunthu ndi popanda malipiro alionse anatembenuka kutentha mu ntchito. Zochokera kumwamba, asayansi R. Clausius ndi W. Thompson anazindikira chiphunzitso cha wachiwiri malamulo yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe. Choyamba, zokha kutenthetsa sanayende kutentha zochepa matupi otentha; Kachiwiri, osati onse kutentha imatsogoleredwa kuchokera teplootdatchika kwa koziziritsira, zipita ntchito zothandiza, koma kokha gawo zace. Palinso formulations angapo zofanana, zomwe zambiri ndi chinyezimiro cha pamwamba. Kupita ku teploperedatchika kwa koziziritsira, mphamvu si kutha, choncho lamulo la zachilengedwe la magetsi onse si mosemphana ndi chilamulo chachiwiri yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe. Liwulo anayamba kupanga asayansi angapo ndipo imakhala mfundo zingapo zazikulu, zimene takambirana m'nkhani ino.

Ndondomeko zomwe zikukhudza kutembenuka mphamvu, kodi zokha ikuyenda Koma ngati ngati mphamvu ya mtundu moyikirapo mu omwazika zapita. Mmodzi wa luso lofunika kwambiri chibadidwe anthu onse ndi biosphere, m'chilengedwe - luso mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito kuchepetsa. Yotsirizira mawu otanthauza chiŵerengero cha kuchuluka kwa kutentha kwa mtengo kutentha, mtundu wa muyeso wa zoopsa ndi amagwirizana ndi imfa ya kutha ndi kuchita ntchito yeniyeni; pamene kusintha voliyumu ya dongosolo kapena mphamvu mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito zake amachepetsa.

Mu 1865, R. Clausius potsiriza anakonza lamulo lachiwiri yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe. Mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito, ndi tanthauzo lake, ndi chinawonjezeka pamene chatsekedwa dongosolo nonequilibrium zimachitika njira lachibadwa.

Lamulo lachiwiri yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe atumiki otchedwa mfundo za mapiramidi zachilengedwe; Komanso - gwero la Chilamulo Lindemann, lomwe limafotokoza za kufalitsidwa kwa mphamvu topezeka kudera limenelo. Ananena kuti mmodzi pointedness (waufupi) zikuchitika mu chikhalidwe cha njira lachibadwa. Malinga zindikwanire, mphamvu ndi n'kukhala kutentha ndi kutentha anasamutsidwa kuti ozizira kuchokera thupi koopsa, imbaenda equalization kutentha pa mlingo wochepa, chifukwa cha zomwe ndi kusiya onse a mitundu ya zoyenda, ndi zina zotero. N. "Kutentha imfa". Ngati kulankhula chinenero bwino ndi losavuta akamanena za lamulo lachiwiri yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe ndi: onse lachibadwa, kusintha kwa zinthu zachilengedwe kuthetsa chisokonezo ndi kunyoza. Chitsanzo ndi chitsanzo zotsatirazi: ngati nyumba kwa zaka zambiri kuchoka popanda khamu, izo kuyamba pang'onopang'ono kuchepa, kugwa.