Mesozoic nthawi. Mesozoic Atabwera. History of Earth

Mbiri ya Earth ali ndi zaka biliyoni theka anayi ndi. Izi nthawi yaikulu nthawi lagawidwa zosawerengeka anayi, womwe anawagawa Nthawi ndi nthawi. Final chachinayi eon - Phanerozoic - zikuphatikizapo Nthawi zitatu:

• Paleozoic;
• Mesozoic;
• Cenozoic.

Nthawi ya Mesozoic M'pamene kumayambiriro zinyamazi ya kubadwa kwa biosphere ano ndi kusintha kwakukulu lawolawo.

Nthawi ya nyengo Mesozoic

Mapeto a nyengo Paleozoic zinali zodzaza ndi kutha kwa nyama. Chitukuko cha moyo m'nyengo Mesozoic amakhala ndi zikamera wa mitundu yatsopano ya zamoyo. Choyamba, ndi zinyamazi ndi nyama oyambirira.

Mesozoic inatenga zaka eyite sikisi miliyoni zana ndi inkakhala nthawi zitatu, monga:

• Triassic;
• Jurassic;
• Cretaceous.

nthawi Mesozoic amakhala ngati nyengo ya likutentha. Takhala kusintha kwakukulu mu tectonics a Dziko Lapansi. Inali pa nthawi imeneyo yokha alipo supercontinent odukaduka pawiri, amene kenako ogaŵikana m'maiko, mu dziko lero.

Triassic

Triassic nyengo - uyu ndi gawo loyamba la nyengo Mesozoic. Triassic Zinatha zoposa makumi atatu miliyoni zaka zisanu. Ngoziyi itachitika, komwe kunachitika kumapeto kwa Paleozoic padziko lapansi pali mavuto, osati abwino ndi ulemelero wa moyo. Tectonic vuto kumachitika Africa Pangea anapanga mapiri yogwira ndi nsonga phiri.

Nyengo ofunda ndi owuma, mogwirizana ndi zomwe dziko anapanga m'chipululu ndi mchere misinkhu mu malo a kumawonjezera kwambiri. Komabe, pa nthawi iyi pali chowawa zinyamazi choyamba, nyama ndi mbalame. Mu njira zambiri, izi zinathandiza kuti kusowa kwa mabacteria osiyana nyengo ndi kukhalabe yunifolomu kutentha lonse lapansi.

The zomera za Triassic

Triassic Nyengo ya Mesozoic yodziwika ndi kusanduka kwambiri a dziko nyama. Izo zinali mu nthawi Triassic ndi zamoyo anthu lomwe kenako anapanga fano la biosphere ano.

Cynodont anaonekera - gulu la zinyamazi, ndi kholo la nyama choyamba. zinyamazi izi munali tsitsi ndipo anali ndi zibwano kwambiri anayamba zimene zingawathandize kudya nyama yaiwisi. Cynodont anaika mazira, koma akazi awo aang'ono anadyetsa mkaka. Mu Triassic anayambitsa makolo a zinyamazi, pterosaurs ndi ng'ona zamakono - archosaurs.

zamoyo ambiri anasintha malo awo madzi mu nyengo louma. Choncho pali mitundu yatsopano ya ana a Amoni, molluscs, komanso fupa ndi ray-finned nsomba. Koma anthu yaikulu ya nyanja anali zolusa ichthyosaurs kuti zoti anayamba kufika chachikulu.

Pofika kumapeto kwa Triassic, kusankha zamoyo sikuloledwa kusunga nyama zonse anaonekera, mitundu sanathe kupikisana ndi ena, wamphamvu ndi mofulumira. Choncho mapeto a nthawi pa dziko chogwidwa thecodonts, makolo a zinyamazi.

Zomera mu nthawi Triassic

The zomera za zoyambirira za Triassic si zimasiyana chomera mapeto a Paleozoic nyengo. Mu madzi ndi mitundu zambiri zosiyanasiyana algae, m'dziko ambiri Mumapezekanso mbewu drevnehvoynye, ndi m'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja - lycopsids zomera.

Pakutha dziko Triassic anabisa pachikuto cha zomera herbaceous, amene kwambiri ntchito zikamera zosiyanasiyana tizilombo. Komanso, pali zomera mesophytic gulu. Sagovnikovye ena zomera anapulumuka masiku ano. Iwo sago mtengo wa kanjedza kukula mu malo Chimaleya Archipelago. mitundu yambiri ya zomera kukula pa madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja dzikoli, ndi pa dziko chogwidwa ndi conifers.

Jurassic

Nthawiyi ndi otchuka kwambiri m'mbiri ya nyengo Mesozoic. Jura - mapiri ku Ulaya, amene anamutchanso mpaka nthawi ino. Mu mapiri amenewa m'dambo panthawi imeneyo apezeka. Nthawi Jurassic inatenga zaka makumi asanu miliyoni. Geographic tanthauzo anapeza chifukwa mapangidwe m'maiko amakono (America, Africa, Australia, Antarctica).

Kupatukana wa awiri amene alipo mpaka m'maiko Laurasia ndi Gondwana anali mapangidwe kumalo atsopano ndi nyanja ndi kuukitsa madzi a m'nyanja lonse. Izi kumakhudza zabwino Nyengo ya padziko lapansi, kupanga izo wetter. Mpweya kutentha pa dziko utachepa nakhala zizigwirizana kotentha ndi subtropical nyengo. Zimasintha nyengo ena athandiza kwambiri kuti chitukuko ndi kusintha kwa nyama ndi zomera.

Nyama ndi zomera za nthawi Jurassic

Jurassic nyengo - nyengo ya zinyamazi lapansi. Ngakhale zina moyo kusanduka ndipo anatenga mitundu yatsopano ndi mitundu. Nyanja ya nthawi kuti anadzazidwa ndi invertebrates ambiri, dongosolo thupi zomwe ndi olemera kuposa mu Triassic. The ubiquity analandira bivalves ndi belemnites vnutrirakovinnye, kutalika kwa imene imafikira mamita atatu.

Dziko la tizilombo ndinalandira kukula chisinthiko. Zikamera wa maluwa zomera ndipo chikwiyire zikamera wa mungu tizilombo. Pali mitundu yatsopano ya cicadas, kafadala, dragonflies ndi tizilombo tina lapansi.

kusintha nyengo mu Jurassic zinachititsa mpweya profuse. Zimenezi, wafunsira kufala kwa zomera zosangalala padziko lathuli. Mu lamba kumpoto kwa dziko chogwidwa ndi herbaceous zomera paportnikovye ndi Ginkgo. zone Kumwera anali mtengo Mumapezekanso ndi cycads. Komanso, dziko lapansi linadzaza ndi zosiyanasiyana conifers, ndi kordaitovye zomera sagovnikovye.

Dawn wa zinyamazi ndi

Mu nthawi Jurassic wa Mesozoic zokwawa pachimake zamoyo zinachita, ushering m'nyengo ya zinyamazi. Mu nyanja konsekonse anapambana chimphona ichthyosaurs ndi plesiosaurs delfinooobraznye. Ngati ichthyosaurs ankakhala chilengedwe yekha m'madzi, ndi plesiosaurs nthawi anafunika landfall.

Zinyamazi okhala pa dziko, amenewo akukantha yosiyanasiyana awo. makulidwe awo ranged kwa masentimita 10 mamita makumi atatu, ndi kulemedwa iwo matani makumi asanu. M'gululi muli chogwidwa ndi mbalame zamiyendo Inayi, koma pali ogwirira zolusa. A nambala yaikulu zilombo ali chikwiyire mapangidwe herbivores ena mfundo za chitetezo: mbale pachimake, spikes, ndi ena.

Airspace wodzazidwa zinyamazi Jurassic, amene amatha kuuluka. Ngakhale ndege iwo anachita kukwera phiri. Pterodactyls ndi pterosaurs ena kulowa mkati mapaketi ndipo anakonza pa nthaka kukafunafuna chakudya.

Cretaceous

Posankha dzina nyengo yotsatira iye zatenganso mbali, chifukwa mu matope kufa invertebrates, kulemba choko. nthawi A wotchedwa Cretaceous anali chomaliza m'nyengo Mesozoic. Nthawiyi inatenga zaka miliyoni makumi asanu ndi atatu.

Chifukwa maiko atsopano kuyendayenda, ndi tectonics a Dziko Lapansi ochuluka kutenga mawonekedwe bwino kwa munthu wamakono. Nyengo anakhaladi yozizira nthawi pakhale zisoti oundana kumpoto ndi mizati kum'mwera. Komanso, pali kugawikana mabacteria nyengo ya dzikoli. Koma ndinganene nyengo anakhalabe ofunda zokwanira, anathandizidwa ndi mmene kutentha.

Biosphere Cretaceous

madzi anapitiriza kusintha ndi kufalitsa belemnites ndi nkhono, urchins nyanja Komanso akupangidwa ndi nkhono choyamba.

Komanso, malo zikukangalika osauka tverdokostnym nsomba mafupa. Kwambiri patsogolo tizilombo ndi mphutsi. Pa dziko chinawonjezeka chiwerengero cha inakhala, kuphatikizapo malo kutsogolera wotanganidwa ndi zokwawa zokwawa. Iwo mwachangu odzipereka ndi zomera padziko lapansi ndi kuononga mzake. Mu nthawi Cretaceous panali woyamba njoka amene ankakhala m'madzi ndi pamtunda. Mbalame anayamba kutuluka mu mochedwa nthawi Jurassic, pakati choko ambiri ndi yogwira chitukuko.

Mwa zomera ambiri anayamba maluwa. zomera n'ngopatsirana chifukwa makhalidwe kafalitsidwe wa kufa, kupereka njira kwa mwapang'onopang'ono kwambiri. Kumapeto kwa nthawi ino, gymnosperms kusanduka kwambiri ndipo amakhala m'malo mwa angiosperms.

Mapeto a nyengo Mesozoic

Mbiri ya Earth ali awiri ngoziyo lonse, amene anali ngati zikuchititsa kuti unyinji wa zomera za padziko lapansi. Choyamba, Perm tsoka chiyambi cha nyengo Mesozoic, ndipo chachiwiri amalembedwa mathero ake. mitundu zinatha kusanduka kwambiri mwachangu Mesozoic. Mu malo m'madzi unatha Amoni belemnites, bivalves. Atapita ndi zinyamazi ndi zokwawa zina zambiri. Kapena anali mitundu ya mbalame ndi tizilombo.

Chibwenzi palibe kutsimikiziridwa ndi kungoganizira kuti anali incitement kutha unyinji wa zomera mu nthawi Cretaceous. Pali Mabaibulo a kungasokoneze wa Kufunda, kapena cheza chifukwa cha kuphulika wamphamvu dziko. Koma akatswiri ambiri timakonda ndikukhulupirira kuti chifukwa kutha anali asteroid chimphona kukula, chimene iwo anagunda dziko lapansili limaukitsidwa mu chikhalidwe cha kwambiri zinthu adatsinzina dziko lawo ku dzuwa.