Charles Babbage a Analytical Engine: kufotokoza, zizindikiro mbiri ndi katundu

Charlz Bebbidzh (1791-1871) - mpainiya kulenga kompyuta zomangamanga, amene anayambitsa kalasi 2 kompyuta - Kusiyana ndi Analytical. Woyamba nalo dzina lake chifukwa mfundo masamu zomwe zachokera - njira ya kusiyana amalire. kukongola ndi mu ntchito yekha wa masamu Kuwonjezera popanda kufunika chulutsa ndi kugawikana, omwe ndi ovuta kuzindikira umakaniko.

Kuposa Chiwerengero

Kusiyana Engine Babbage akuimira chipangizo ochuluka. Mozama manambala okha njira chimene chingathe mosalekeza stacking iwo malinga ndi njira zosiyana amalire. Izo sizingakhoze ntchito kuwerengetsera ambiri masamu. Analytical chomwecho makina Babbage a kwambiri kuposa basi Chiwerengero a. M'pamene kusintha kwa masamu m'ziwawa kompyuta makina ambiri-cholinga. Pamisinkhu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo wa maganizo a Babbage, panali ntchito osachepera 3. Choncho ndi bwino amatchula makina mawunikidwe ochulukitsa.

Mayiko ndi dzuwa zosinthira

Babbage kompyuta makina ndi mayunitsi decimal m'njira yakuti iwo ntchito manambala 10 kuchokera 0 kuti 9, ndipo digito chifukwa ntchito yekha ndi integers. Makhalidwe ndi magiya, ndipo aliyense gulu anapatsidwa kumuyendetsa wake. Ngati akuima udindo wapakatikati pakati integers, ndi chifukwa ndi CHOSADZIWIKA, ndi ntchito makina uli oletsedwa, kusonyeza kuphwanya umphumphu wa kuwerengetsera lapansi. Ndi mtundu wa kudziwika zolakwa.

Bebbidzh Komanso ankaona kuti ntchito aweruze machitidwe akufa ena kuposa decimal mu T. H. bayinare ndi maziko 3, 4, 5, 12, 16 ndi 100. Iwo anaima pa decimal, chifukwa ankadziwa kapangidwe ake dzuwa chifukwa kuyamika kuti kwambiri yafupika chiwerengero cha kusuntha mbali.

Kusiyana Engine №1

Mu 1821, Babbage anayamba kukhala limagwirira kwa mawerengedwe ndi mapendedwe polenomiyo ntchito. Mlembi amafotokoza kuti chipangizo kwa mawerengedwe a zodziwikiratu za ndondomeko ya mfundo yosindikiza zodziwikiratu za zotsatira mu mawonekedwe tabular. Mbali yofunika ya dongosolo chosindikizira ali umakaniko zolumukizidwa ndi mawerengedwe gawo. Kusiyana Engine №1 akuimira woyamba kulengedwa wathunthu kuti basi kuchita kuwerengetsera lapansi.

Nthawi Babbage anasintha magwiridwe chipangizo. Kulengedwa 1830 akuimira makina anaikira manambala 16 ndi malamulo 6 zoopsa kusiyana. Lachitsanzo inkakhala TH 25 Mbali anagawa mofanana pakati pa kompyuta ndi chosindikizira gawo.. Ngati chipangizo yamangidwa, izo zikanakhala zasautsa pafupifupi matani 4 ndipo adzakhala ndi kutalika kwa 2.4 m. Ntchito pa Babbage Kusiyana Engine anaimitsidwa mu 1832, pambuyo mkangano ndi katswiri Joseph Clement. ndalama Public potsiriza itatha mu 1842

injini mawunikidwe

Pamene ntchito pa makina kusiyana ndayima kaye mu 1834, Babbage pakati kwambiri wofuna chipangizo chomwe pambuyo dzina lake Analytical chilengedwe programmable kompyuta limagwirira. The katundu structural ya makina Babbage kwakukulukulu zizigwirizana midadada zoyambirira za kompyuta ano yadigito. Mapulogalamu zachitika ntchito makadi nkhonya. Mfundo imeneyi anaitenga ku Jacquard nsalu, kumene ntchito kulenga dongosolo zovuta nsalu.

Kapangidwe zomveka kwa mawunikidwe injini Babbage kwenikweni limafanana ndi lalikulu kapangidwe pakompyuta kompyuta nyengo, zomwe zikusonyeza Memory ( "sitolo") anasiyanitsidwa purosesa chapakati ( "mphero"), yotsatana kuphedwa ntchito kutanthauza kuti athandizira ndi linanena bungwe la deta ndi malangizo. Choncho mutu wa upainiya chitukuko makompyuta wolemba anali bwino kuti asaphedwe.

Memory ndi CPU

The makina Babbage ndi "sitolo" kumene inu kusunga manambala ndipo zotsatira wogwirizira, komanso osiyana "mphero" umene ukuchititsa processing masamu. Iye anali ya ntchito 4 masamu ndipo sangathe kuchita chulutsa mwachindunji ndi kugawikana. Komanso chipangizo anali wokhoza kuchita opaleshoni tsopano ndi maina makonzedwe nthambi mkombero (iterations), microprogramming, processing analemba chikukonzekera, zimachitika kutchukitsa ndi zina zotero. N. Mlembi wa terminology choterocho si ntchito.

CPU mawunikidwe injini ya Charles Babbage, umene umatchedwa "mphero" amatipatsa:

• kasungidwe manambala, ntchito ndi momwe anapanga yomweyo, mu akaundula a;
• Ilo liri hardware kugwira nawo ntchito zikuluzikulu masamu;
• kufala kwa malangizo wosuta-wochezeka kunja mu kasamalidwe zambiri mkati;
• dongosolo kalunzanitsidwe (koloko) kudzapereka malangizo mu dongosolo kuwasankha.

Limagwirira ulamuliro makina mawunikidwe ukugwira ntchito basi ndipo imakhala ndi mbali ziwiri: m'munsi mlingo, olamulidwa ndi ng'oma chachikulu, wotchedwa casks, ndi mkulu mlingo ntchito makadi anakhomerera anaikira jacquard likuoneka, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu 1800s oyambirira.

zipangizo linanena bungwe

The chifukwa cha kuwerengetsera ikusonyezedwa ndi njira zosiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo kusindikiza makadi anakhomerera, kukonza chiwembu ndi kupanga basi wa olakwika - ndi trays wa Zipangizo zofewa kumene chifukwa kusindikiza amapangidwa kuti akhoza kutumikira ngati njira kwa kuponya mbale kusindikiza.

kamangidwe latsopano

Upainiya ntchito Babbage a Analytical Engine anali kwakukulukulu kulembedwa mu 1840 anayamba chipangizo latsopano. Mu nthawi kuchokera 1847 mpaka 1849 anamaliza chitukuko №2 Kusiyana Engine, ndi bwino Baibulo la pachiyambi. kusinthidwa Izi udaikidwa ntchito ndi manambala 31-bit ndipo zingadzetse tabular kupanga chilichonse polenomiyo 7 dongosolo. Kamangidwe inali njira yosavuta komanso amafuna yekha wachitatu chiwerengero cha ziwalo za chitsanzo choyambirira, kupereka ofanana ake kompyuta mphamvu.

Kusiyana ndi Analytical Engine a Charles Babbage ntchito chimodzimodzi linanena bungwe chipangizo mamangidwe omwe amapangitsa ndi printout pa pepala, komanso basi kulenga olakwika ndi zofuna zawo mtundu malinga ndi mawonekedwe anakonzeratu patsamba woyendetsa. Pa nthawi yomweyo envisaged kuthekera wakhala mzere msinkhu, chiwerengero cha mizati, m'lifupi munda amatipatsa mizere basi yopindika, kapena mizati ndi mayikidwe a mizere akusowekapo kwa aziwakonda.

cholowa

Kupatula angapo pang'ono analengedwa ndi zitsanzo makina msonkhano kuyesedwa zigawo yaing'ono ntchito, palibe nyumba ya sichinayambe akuyendera kwathunthu kwa moyo Babbage. Waukulu anasonkhana 1832 lachitsanzo anali gawo 1/7 №1 Kusiyana Engine, imene inali pafupi zikwi ziwiri. Zidutswa. Iwo amagwira ntchito m'njira lero ali woyamba bwino basi kompyuta chipangizo kuti zipangizo ndi masamu mu njira ya. Babbage anamwalira kupita yaing'ono gawo experimental wa Analytical Engine. zinthu zambiri dongosolo la zimasungika, komanso Archive wathunthu zithunzi ndi zolemba.

Ntchito yaikulu kompyuta makina Babbage chimodzi mwa zinthu zodabwitsa ophunzira a m'zaka XIX. Only masiku ano ntchito yake afufuza mwatsatanetsatane, ndi digiri ya kufunika zimene wachita, zimaonekera kwambiri.