Kodi kusiyanitsa methyl wa ethyl mowa? chilinganizo mowa

Mowa ndi mowa molimba mu miyoyo yathu tsiku ndi tsiku. Nkhaniyi adzapatsidwa mfundo zikuluzikulu kusiyanitsa pakati methyl wa ethyl mowa. Padzakhala adzapatsidwa makhalidwe awo ndi kachitidwe mankhwala.

Mbiri ya anapeza mowa

Chilinganizo mowa mtundu wina anapeza pafupifupi imodzi m'madera ambiri a dziko lapansi. Mu 1334, ku French alchemist Arno De Vilgger pachiyambi vinyo mowa. Mu 1360 Italy ndi French mchitidwe umenewu umatulutsa mankhwala otchedwa "madzi a moyo." amalonda Genoese mu 1386 anabweretsa mowa kwa Moscow kuonetsera ubwino wake.

tanthauzo

Tsopano ife adzazindikira kuti methyl ndi ethyl mowa amenewa.

Methanol (amatchedwanso methyl mowa, amatchedwanso nkhuni mowa, carbinol alias, alias metilgidrat Aka hydroxide methyl) - losavuta mowa monohydric, chakupha, colorless madzi. Mitundu mpweya (mu woipa volumetric wa ku 6,98 kuti 35,5%) osakaniza zachiwawa (pa kutentha madigiri 8 Celsius). Maselo ndiyo njira methyl mowa - CH _4, CH ₃ O kapena -OH.

Mowa (kapena ethyl mowa, kapena ethyl mowa kapena mowa, ofanana kungoti "mowa" metilkarbinol) - monohydric mowa ndi kabwerebwere chilinganizo C ₂ H ₅ HA. M'mikhalidwe muyezo, ndi loopsali, colorless, flammable bwino madzi. Kodi nkhawa - chinthu psychoactive, depresses chapakati mantha dongosolo, ndi yogwira zikuluzikulu za mowa.

poyerekeza

Kuyambira mtima malo ndi chilinganizo mankhwala ndi wosavuta kudziwa kusiyanitsa ku methyl ethyl mowa. Zochita zoipa mophweka kwambiri.

Ngati ife titembenukira kwa zimapangidwira, ndipo mukhoza kupeza zambiri pa zinthu izi: pa ntchito, kupanga katundu, kukhala mu chikhalidwe, etc. Koma tiyeni tibwerere nkhani za m'banja komanso tione kusiyana methanol ku Mowa.

Methanol mu maonekedwe ndi ofanana Mowa: colorless, ndi khalidwe, koma fungo kukomoka. Izi zimatha zofunika mowa methyl. Basi monga choncho, mwatsoka, zinthu awiriwa zovuta kusiyanitsa Chrixitu. Only ndi sayansi akatswiri adzatha zowoneka kusiyanitsa mitundu wina ndi mzake. Mtundu, kununkhiza, kulawa ndi ofanana kuti nthawi zambiri anasokoneza zinthu zimenezi. Zotsatira za chisokonezo ichi ndi zinadzala, kuyambira ku khungu mpaka ku imfa.

kusiyana

Kunyumba, mukhoza phunziro zatsopano yosavuta kudziwa kusiyana. Nazi zinthu zitatu zofunika pakati njira methanol ku Mowa. Njirazi adzakhala atavala ndiponso chikhalidwe poyerekeza.

njira 1. Poyatsira mayeso madzi. Njira imodzi chophweka ndi yodalirika: azinyadira chitsanzo chathu, kutsatira mtundu wa lawi la. Mowa ndi lamadzi, ndi methanol - wobiriwira. Ndi osavuta kumva, koma kumbukirani kuti umbuli, mwatsoka, si sichingapatule munthu ku zochitika.

Ife timathandiza yachilendo nkhani - mowa mafakitale. Mawu akuti "mafakitale mowa" amatanthauza alcohols (methanol, denatured mowa), ndi zosakaniza zace, si abwino anthu mowa, kuchititsa ngozi yoopsa ndi chosachiritsika onse thanzi ndi moyo.

M'pofunikanso kuganizira mfundo zotsatirazi: mu thermometer wathu ntchito kuyesera yosavuta, m'pofunika kukonza kuwira kutentha, monga amadziwika kwa kapangidwe ka zigawo kuti Mowa zithupsa pa kutentha 78 ° Celsius ndi methanol ukufika kuwira ngakhale pa ° 64.

2 njira. Ife ntchito mbatata wamba. Small wedges mbatata kwa maola angapo adzaponyedwa mu mayeso madzi ngati pambuyo nthawi imeneyi mbatata sanasinthe mtundu, ndiye pamaso panu Mowa - mankhwala oyenera mowa. Ngati mbatata kagawo m'buku la pinki, mayeso madzi methanol - ululu kwambiri m'thupi la munthu.

3 njira. Formaldehyde nyemba. Apa tiyenera waya mkuwa, mbali yaing'ono ya zomwe ziyenera kukhala koyera chowala ndi kugwera mu madzi. Mukaona izo, inu mukhoza kumva Mowa maapulo yoola, koma ali methanol, mudzamva lakuthwa zosasangalatsa fungo - fungo la formaldehyde.

Onani kuti mlingo yaing'ono (mokwanira ndi 50 ml) ya methanol akhoza chakupha. Khalani maso, musati kugula mowa n'ngwokayikitsa malonda mfundo, musati kuika moyo wawo pachiswe, ndipo kugula mowa ku masitolo apadera.

Zizindikiro za methanol poyizoni

Symptomatology wa methanol poyizoni ofanana kwambiri poizoni mowa, koma maziko onse a nseru, chizungulire, kuledzera, ulesi, kusanza, kukomoka masomphenya imfa ayenera allocated. Methanol umalowa mu thupi la munthu pamene kupuma kupyolera pa khungu ndi kapepala m'mimba. Pali ululu limbika miyendo, mutu kwambiri. Iwo alanda ubongo imene wawononga Mitsempha, zikubweretsa khungu. Mofulumira odzipereka, pang'onopang'ono anamasulidwa amasonkhana (Limasonkhanitsa). Oxidized mu thupi, ndipamene mankhwala poizoni - asidi formic ndi formaldehyde. Formaldehyde kwambiri poizoni, monga mankhwala a kalasi yoyamba ya ngozi. Iwo kuboma kontseragenom. kudzikundikira ake mu thupi kumabweretsa chitukuko cha khansa. asidi Formic umawononga kwa maso ndi kapepala kupuma. Lolemera poyizoni imfa masomphenya zikhoza ingestion wa mL 10,5 yekha mowa methyl. A mlingo woopsa ndi mu osiyanasiyana ml ya ku 30 100, koma zimatengera maonekedwe munthu wa makamaka chamoyo. Munthu amafa chifukwa kumangidwa kupuma. Matendawa akhoza zikutsimikiziridwa ndi kupeza wovulalayo mu mkodzo ndi zinthu monga asidi formic.

thandizo

Pamwamba anali yasonyeza kusiyanitsa ku methyl ethyl mowa. Komabe, pali zochitika mu moyo pamene muyenera kupereka wovulalayo thandizo. Pamene methanol poizoni kuti cholinga chake pa excretion njoka, kutha kwa mchitidwe wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa thunthu. Komabe, Choyamba adzavutika dongosolo excretory. Pamene ntchito mkati mowa mafakitale, ayenera rinsed m'mimba pa banja loyamba la maola. Childs Kwalamulidwa kumwa mowa kwambiri, phwando alkalis (sodium wochuluka hydrogencarbonate 10-15 magalamu). Tingadziteteze ndi ethyl mowa umene Sachita ndondomeko makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa methanol kutembenuka ndi mapangidwe mankhwala poizoni. mu milandu methanol poyizoni ziwerengero wosasangalala.

Ethyl mowa. GOST

GOST - makamaka chikalata malamulo makhalidwe kukhala ndi katundu anagulitsa pa gawo la dziko ina. Pali alendo angapo pa Mowa, amene amafotokoza cholinga, zikhalidwe za yosungirako, mayendedwe ndi zambiri.

Koma ngati nkhani zovuta, monga kumwa mowa, zingabweretse maola ambiri mtsutso. Osati mu nkhani iyi, chifukwa munthu aliyense ayenera kusankha okha nkhani ya msinkhu wofanana. Koma tiyeni tione GOST 1972: "M'mowa - ndi flammable, colorless madzi ndi fungo khalidwe. Zimatanthauza mankhwala amphamvu amene amayambitsa chisangalalo choyamba, ndiye -. Wodwala manjenje wamanjenje dongosolo "

Tsopano werengani GOST 1982: "M'mowa - ndi flammable, madzi colorless ndi fungo khalidwe zokhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo." Ndipo potsiriza, mu 2000: ". Ethyl mowa - ndi colorless, flammable madzi ndi fungo khalidwe" Izi malamulo omwewo ndi zonse mankhwala monga ethyl mowa ntchito mafakitale.

Vuto ndi ubwino mowa

Tiyeni musakhudze madzi oundana yaikulu amatchedwa "kumwa kapena kusamwa." Tiyeni kukumbukira mawu a wokondedwa Umuna Semenovich Gorbunkova za ubwino mowa. Mowa kwambiri kuteteza mapangidwe magazi kuundana, kuchepetsa mafuta zili mu zotengera magazi kukuza, chifukwa mu makope zambiri tima. mankhwala A monga kudziwika amakonda mlingo momveka, 50 ml ya amachitira ndi bracing. Koma ubwino kuti wabweretsa mowa ndi chochepa kwambiri poyerekeza kuwononga moyo wake: mowa samasintha dongosolo majini a anthu, tingayambe ana maganizo retardation, ali zingawononge makhalidwe abwino. Mu nkhani iyi, M'pofunikanso kukumbukira kuti kunali mowa induces munthu kuchita wakulungama, opusa ndi wankhanza zochita. Popewa izi, muyenera kutsatira malamulo bwino. Iwo akhala akugwira ndi wathunthu kukana zosiyanasiyana mowa.

Kumbukirani kuti ngati inu olumpha linalake, ndiye mowa amakhala poizoni kuti adzachititsa kuwonongeka kwa ziwalo ndi machitidwe ngakhale lonse la thupi lanu.

Kwenikweni izi ndipo inu mukhoza kumaliza mfundo za kusiyanitsa pakati methyl wa ethyl mowa.