Kodi masiteji mu chitukuko akudutsa anthu? Magawo chachikulu cha chitukuko cha anthu ndi

Kodi masiteji mu chitukuko akudutsa anthu? Pamaso poyankha funso limeneli, tiona kuti umoyo-mbiri chitukuko cha izo - ndi ndondomeko Multilaterial, n'kovuta kwambiri. Zimachitika pa nyengo mwachilungamo yaitali za mbiri ndi mbali zake zandale, malamulo, zachuma, aluntha, wauzimu, makhalidwe ndi zigawo zina zambiri zopanga ena okhulupirika. Akatswiri ambiri akhala akuyesera kupereka yankho lawo la funso la ziti anthu mu chitukuko. M'nkhani ino tikambirana chiphunzitso zikuluzikulu ndi gulu la bungwe ofufuza odziwika bwino pa nkhaniyo.

Kulunjika kwa phunziro sociological wa chitukuko mbiri ya anthu a

Kafukufuku sociological wa lingaliro ili ndi zovuta, choyamba chifukwa kovuta kusiyanitsa leni mbali chikhalidwe. Komanso kovuta kudziwa zili ndi maganizo "Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe" m'kupita kwa ndondomeko mbiri. Ndipo zonse izi ayenera kuchita kuti muyankhe funso ili: "? Kodi masiteji mu chitukuko akudutsa anthu" Akatswiri zambiri tcheru wanga anaikira pa chikhalidwe ndi mbiri yakale chitukuko cha phunziro chikhalidwe. Iwo akhoza kumachita monga munthu payekha, anthu ena (mwachitsanzo Russian), komanso gulu la makampani (Latin American, European), mtundu, gulu chikhalidwe, bungwe la chikhalidwe (banja, dongosolo maphunziro), bungwe chikhalidwe. Zingakhalenso osakaniza (mabizinezi dziko zachuma, ndale, malonda, mafakitale kampani). Komabe, ndife kungofuna funso la mtundu wanji wa magawo mu chitukuko akudutsa anthu onse.

Chitukuko ndi mtundu wa anthu

The chidwi kwambiri mu sayansi ndi chikhalidwe ndi umoyo-mbiri chitukuko cha anthu ngati mayunitsi yofunika chikhalidwe. Kumene, tichipeza chitukuko cha makalasi munthu, magulu chikhalidwe, mabungwe mabungwe ndi magulu. Komabe, pa chilichonse siteji ya chitukuko chikhalidwe ndi mbiri yakale wa kampani inayake ndi kukhulupirika, zimene kusanthula ndi kufotokoza zambiri ntchito mfundo zosiyana. Iwo akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri - ". Mtundu wa anthu" "chitukuko" ndipo mfundo zimenezi n'zimene boma Mkhalidwe pamisinkhu yosiyanasiyana chitukuko umoyo-mbiri. Ayenera kumatanthauza kuti tikathe kupereka yankho kwa funso kuti: "Kodi masiteji kampani unachitikira mu chitukuko Kodi"

Mawu akuti "mtundu wa anthu"

Mu mfundo izi zikutanthauza dongosolo mayunitsi structural (mabungwe a moyo, madera, etc.), zimavuta ndi mzake ndi cholukanalukana ndi ena zolinga chikhalidwe malamulo mfundo zofanana kwa iwo.

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya m'madera gulu. The ambiri pulayimale - magawano awo mu kumodzi ndi zovuta. nsana wake m'ma 19 adafotokoza kuti Herbert Spencer.

Gawo Spencer

Tsatirani funso pa njira zomwe anthu akudutsa mu chitukuko, ndi asayansi atapereka maganizo kuti magulu ikuyenda ndi nthawi pa chikhalidwe cha otchedwa kalekale homogeneity mu pandunji - ndi heterogeneity ena, ndi kuwonjezeka kusakanikirana ndi zosiyanasiyana za umunthu, Gona chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe. Nthawi yomweyo, tiona kuti gulu pokhapo titachitapo kwambiri. Ndipotu, ngakhale kampani zophweka kwambiri - kuipidwa kwambiri chamoyo. Ngakhale zochepa koonekeratu kuti zokhudza dongosolo wosazindikira wa anthu oyenelela ndi kosavuta kuposa Mwachitsanzo, chitukuko cha makono. Choncho, gulu Spencer ndi zolakwika kwambiri.

Kudulidwa kwa anthu mu mafakitale ndi chikhalidwe

Koma Spencer sanali yekhayo amene anapereka yankho ku funso lakuti: "? Kodi masiteji kampani unachitikira mu chitukuko Kodi" Mmodzi wa ambiri kuposa ndi classifications anakonza ndi Comte, K. Saint-Simoni, Emile Durkheim ndi akatswiri ena magawano mu mafakitale ndi chikhalidwe. Kawirikawiri maganizo "anthu chikhalidwe" amagwiritsidwa ntchito ponena kuti magawo chitukuko, amene ali chisanadze capitalist. Kuti ndi mndandanda wa anthu pa nthawi lino silinafike anayamba mafakitale zovuta. Bukuli lili kwakukulukulu pa chuma ulimi. Chotero anthu ndi immobile chikhalidwe. Ku mibadwo dongosolo m'badwo wa khalidwe ndi njira za makolo a moyo opatsirana pafupifupi sichinasinthe. The chifukwa cha mafakitale ndi anthu mafakitale. Iwo amapanga mizinda, misa kulemba, akatswiri specialization. Chotero anthu zachokera makamaka pa chuma mafakitale. Kutacha dongosolo la umoyo kalasi ndi kugawikana mafakitale ntchito. Ndi wochitachita, yodziwika ndi zonse zaluso sayansi ndi sayansi ndi luso ndi zoyambitsidwa, mkulu mlingo wa sayenda.

dongosolo Wallerstein a mbiri yakale

Pali maganizo ena pa zimene siteji ya anthu mu chitukuko. The yochepa yankho la funso limeneri lagona pa maganizo a munthu wa ŵa akatswiri amakono Western Immanuel Wallerstein, angaperekedwe motere. sayansi iyi aipeza zofunika Kugawilidwa kwanthaka kachitidwe mbiri. Aliyense wa kachitidwe zachokera mtundu wina wa gulu la ntchito. Akufotokozera mabungwe osiyanasiyana (yamakolo, ndale, chuma), zomwe pamapeto pake kudziwa kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo za dongosolo lino, socialization za magulu a anthu. Wallerstein ananena kuti munthu akhoza kupeza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kachitidwe mbiri. Mmodzi wa iwo - wakhalapo kwa 500-600 zaka capitalist zachuma (amakono). Wina - Ufumu wa Roma. lachitatu lili ku Central America, nyumba Mayan. Small machitidwe mbiri, pali yaikulu. Ku maganizo a kafukufuku pa, kusintha kwenikweni anthu zimachitika pamene kusintha kumayambira kachitidwe kamodzi m'mbiri wina. Izi si yosokoneza zotsutsana zosiyanasiyana mkati anatsimikiza mtima mofulumira ake. Inefficiency ntchito njira njira yopezera zina, njira zotsatirazi zambiri.

Kutalikirana kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya m'madera zimathandiza akatswiri ofufuza kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zosiyanasiyana kuyambira maudindo osiyana ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana za kuphunzira Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe ndi mbiri yakale ndiponso kuona ngati ndondomeko Mipikisano faceted, ndi zosiyanasiyana zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro.

Waukulu umoyo-mbiri mitundu ya mabungwe

Kulonga n'cigwagwa pamwamba, ndi zina maganizo a akatswiri ndi a nzeru zapamwamba, chuma ndi azambiriyakale, tingasiyanitsire mwachidule, mu mawonekedwe chojambula, zotsatirazi umoyo-mbiri mitundu (magawo chitukuko cha anthu)

- kupezeka kwa mndandanda wa mphatso za chilengedwe ndi kusaka madera a alenje ndi okolola;

- zikugwira kulima yokumba zomera ndi kulima zaulimi magulu;

- zochokera kulima mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ng'ombe zoweta nyama;

- makamaka zochokera Chotsimikizika ndi kupanga miyambo ya zaulimi (mwa iwo pali chuma payekha, mzinda, boma mphamvu, makalasi, malonda, kulemba);

- zochokera makamaka pa kupanga makina mafakitale mabungwe;

- m'malo postindustrial mafakitale.

M'mbuyomu, monga ananenera olemba ambiri, ndi maziko a zachuma kupanga si katundu osiyana kwambiri thupi monga mudziwe, chidziwitso, ndi makampani utumiki.

Ambiri, kufanizitsa ili, limene limafotokoza magawo chachikulu cha chitukuko cha anthu, anatengera oimira ambiri zokwanira wa zaumunthu ndi sayansi chikhalidwe m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Nthawi ntchito yomanga apadera kwambiri ndi mwatsatanetsatane mfundo za Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe ndi mbiri yakale.

Lingaliro la "chitukuko"

Mu Chaanthu, nzeru chikhalidwe ndi maphunziro chikhalidwe amatchulanso mitundu ya kapangidwe chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi thandizo la "chitukuko" lingaliro. Komabe, ngati mtundu wa anthu makamaka anatsindika chikhalidwe ubale chikhalidwe, Gona ndi nyumba, chitukuko monga mfundo ndi amatsimikiza mbali zauzimu, zinthu zokhudza chikhalidwe, chipembedzo cha magulu osiyana.

mtundu Cultural-mbiri

Kuti mawu komanso mfundo pafupi akufuna m'zaka 19 N.Ya.Danilevsky, Russian Katswiri ndi nzeru ( "chikhalidwe zinachitika mtundu"). kafukufuku uyu anali mmodzi mwa anzeru titayensa zothawa fano ochiritsira chitukuko umoyo-mbiri chabe monga liniya, planar ndondomeko. Akukhulupirira kuti anthu anapanga mitundu chikhalidwe zinachitika kuti kusiyana kwambiri pakati pawo. Iye ankaona muyezo waukulu kwa mitundu kusankha "kuyandikana a chinenero", madera, chipembedzo, psihoetnograficheskoe umodzi, ufulu ndale, mitundu ya ntchito zachuma, komanso ena zinthu zina. Danilevskii (pansipa) ali pakati pa mitundu ya Assyrio-Babulo, Chinese, Aiguputo aku Iran, India Chiheberi, Arabic, achiroma European (German-Chiroma).

Aliyense wa iwo mu magawo ake chitukuko kayendedwe ka moyo, monga chiyambi, chitukuko, ukuyanga, kuwola. Kenako, latsopano chikhalidwe zinachitika mtundu adza kwa kutsogolo mbiri ya dziko lathu. Malinga Danilevsky, kukhazikitsidwa kwa Asilavo chitukuko zikuchitika kwa zaka zambiri. Iwo amakhala ndi gawo ulipo chitukuko cha anthu. Iye ananeneratu waukulu m'tsogolo Asilavo chitukuko. Concept Danilevsky, ngakhale conservatism ndale ndi chiwerengero cha naivete ongolankhula, ndi ofunika kwambiri chifukwa limatipatsa chithunzi sanali liniya wa chitukuko mbiri ya anthu. Iwo kumapereka lingaliro la kukhalapo kwa digressions mbiri, zigzags, ngakhale chiwonongeko zochuluka mfundo kale anapeza chikhalidwe.

Opinion Toynbee

Kenako, lingaliro la chitukuko cyclical anali mu ntchito za Spengler anapitiriza, ndi German nzeru zapamwamba, makamaka Arnold Toynbee, mbiri English. Ndi Toynbee lililonse chitukuko (ndipo mu mbiri ya anthu chitukuko awerengedwa 21, kuphatikizapo pachimake 13) chimafikira chake chatsekedwa chitukuko lifecycle. Limayenda pa kubadwa kwa imfa ndi kuwonongeka. Toynbee limatchula 5 chitukuko chachikulu: Russian, Western, Chisilamu, Indian ndi Chinese. Iye anachita chidwi kwambiri ndi zifukwa kufa chitukuko. Toynbee, makamaka ankakhulupirira kuti thandizo la mphamvu ya moyo wa chikhalidwe makamaka ake "kulenga osankhika" ali ina sangathe kulimbana ndi akutulukira mavuto m'mbiri komanso umoyo ndi zachuma. Likukhalira ku ochepa ubwenzi wa anthu umene ukulamulira iye lamanja la mphamvu, ndi mphamvu moyenera amphamvu. Pomaliza, wofufuza, ndi njira izi kuwononga chitukuko.

Tsopano inu mukudziwa zomwe akuloza anthu umachitika mu chitukuko zachuma monga Toynbee.

Lingaliro la chitukuko mu Chaanthu ndi

Mu Chaanthu (ndipo, nthawi zambiri zambiri mu zaumunthu ndi sayansi chikhalidwe) zaposachedwapa ndi ayamba wamba mfundo chitukuko, pamene mukufuna kufotokoza za Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe ndi mbiri yakale. Ichi ndi chifukwa makamaka chakuti mfundo Marxist kuti chogwidwa kwathunthu mu sayansi Soviet chikhalidwe, chimene m'mbiri ya alipo formations chikhalidwe ndi za chuma, anakanidwa ndi ambiri asayansi chikhalidwe monga simplistic ndi chopambanitsa politicized. Lingaliro la chitukuko panopa ntchito mu mabuku zoweta sayansi mfundo zitatu:

- zotsatirazi siteji woipitsitsawu chitukuko yamakolo wa mudziko lonse;

- yamakolo mtundu (Russian, European, Chinese, Japanese ndi mitundu ina);

- ngati apamwamba pa mlingo atsopano a sayansi, chitukuko umoyo ndi zachuma, ndale ndiponso chikhalidwe.

Ngakhale kusukulu ife poyamba Dziŵani zimene magawo anthu mu chitukuko. Kalasi 8 - ndi nthawi yophunzira nkhani. Komabe, mu sukulu phunziro ndi mwachilungamo zikundiyendera. kuyankha mwatsatanetsatane funso anapatsidwa m'nkhaniyi za njira zomwe anthu akudutsa. Thiabendazole angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa pokonzekera makalasi ndi mayeso ophunzira osati kokha, komanso ophunzira.