Zakale ndi chiyani? mapale a Mesopotamia

Chimodzi mwa zamatsenga ndi chitukuko kwambiri wakale wa Mesopotamia ankaona. Choncho ankatchedwa Ahelene, ifenso amadziwika monga Mesopotamia. Kudera limeneli, limene lili pakati pa madzi iwiri ikuluikulu, kupereka moyo m'deralo. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi Amabereka, winayo - Firate. Panali midzi yaikulu ndi malamulo apadera, miyambo wapadera, chipembedzo ndi worldview. M'dziko lino kwa zaka zoposa sikisi sauzande zapitazo, ine ndinabadwa dongosolo kulemba kudziwika monga mapale a Mesopotamia.

N'chifukwa chiyani analemba wedges?

Makolo athu anali chidwi kwambiri, chifukwa chakuti iwo kupulumuka mu mavuto ambiri. Ndipo iwo sadatha atengere dziko owazungulira, kutenga zimene muzifuna izo. Ngati Egypt anayamba kuchuluka amtunduwu ndipo akanakhoza kutenga miyala kuti kuwachotsa khalidwe lawo, mu Mesopotamia izo sizinali. Koma panali dongo limene anamanga nyumba, ndi kutsuka mbale. Anthu ataona mmene yonyowa chuma okhala kuda nyama, choncho amayesa ntchito notsi. Koma kudzatunga zizindikiro zovuta za dothi zinkandivuta, zinali zosavuta kuti Finyani pa izo dents ndodo lakuthwa ndi maziko triangular. Choncho wotchuka zakale Mesopotamiya, amene adatitulutsa zambiri zokhudza anthu lachinsinsi la dera.

buku dongo

Ndiye kodi zakale, ife kumvetsa. Tsopano tiyeni tikambirane pang'ono zimene kulemba pa anthu akale a Mesopotamia. "Books" anali osiyana. Ngati pancake dongo chinali choti ophunzira kokoka kalata (ndi masukulu anali m'mizinda ya Mesopotamia), ndiye si zouma. Pambuyo makalasi, monga kuchapa olembedwa ndi mbale ntchito. Koma akhoza zouma mu dzuwa, ndiye mudziwe amasungidwa yaitali. mapiritsi zofunika anali pamoto, ndipo kusungidwa mu nyumba.

Ophunzira amene akufuna kuphunzira kalata wakale, choyamba anaphunzitsa njira yopanga mapale. Si zophweka, popeza nkhaniyo ali kwambiri zosafunika, kumene ayenera kukonzamo. Kenako, kunali koyenera kuyika chingwe mzere kuti Zolemba zizindikiro anapita bwino. Ndiyeno yekha mlembi anapita extrude "makalata."

Kufala kwa zilembo zachinsinsi

Clay anali zakuthupi wotchipa, yopezeka kwa zigawo zonse za anthu. Choncho, Mesopotamia kulemba ndinali bwino osati olemera ndi Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira mwayi (ansembe), komanso anthu wamba. Mwina n'chifukwa chake pali analemba zonse, ndakatulo ankalemba, kuphatikizapo khalidwe amunamuna.

Pafupifupi onse tsopano mukudziwa zomwe zakale. Icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito ambiri ku Middle East - ndi Sumerians, Asuri, Aperisi, Ababulo. Mwina kulemba dongosolo zakalezo kugwiritsidwa ntchito kumeneko lero, koma iye anali munthu wamkulu drawback. mabuku Clay kupeza kuchisenza ndi bulky, zinali zovuta kunyamula.

Zolemba kulemba mu Europe

Old World anamva zimene zakale, zaka zoposa mazana atatu zapitazo. Kwa nthawi yoyamba zizindikiro chachinsinsi mu mawonekedwe a studs anayambitsa dzikoli wapaulendo Italy dzina lake Pietro Della Valle. Iye analemba buku maulendo ake ku Middle East ndipo akuonetsedwa ndi lolembedwa zachilendo, zomwe zimaoneka pa phale ku Persia. Ancient zakale kulemba anali wosiyana kwambiri ndi alifabeti kuti ntchito Europe, kotero ngakhale ankaona kulemba dongosolo. Koma pa nthawi, dziko Western Mapale kuti kwambiri poyera. Choncho, chidwi anthu ndi asayansi.

A chiwerengero chachikulu cha mapale, apeza pa malo likulu lakale Persian wa Pesepoli lodziwika bwino anatentha Aleksandrom Makedonskim ndipo ankakonda wake - Athens hetaera Thais. Monga ziri zodziwika bwino, moto dongo akupeza kokha wamphamvu, kotero laibulale chidali cha amakedzana kuti anapulumuka. Komabe, ndi nthawi palibe amene angathe kuwerenga zizindikiro chachinsinsi okhala alembi aluso.

chinsinsi anaulula

Mbiri zakale zaka zoposa chikwi. Koma amene avala mapale zizindikiro zodabwitsa, anafa kalekale, ndi nzeru zawo - anatayika. Asayansi tikuyang'ana pa mabuku akale, kumvetsa kuti lili ndi mfundo kwambiri. Koma, tsoka, palibe munthu anakhoza kuliwerenga. Kuyesa kumvetsa wedges ndi cloves anatengedwa kumayambiriro kwa nucleation Assyriology sayansi. Ndipo potsiriza, chinsinsi chithunzi wapezeka! Komabe, izo zinachitika ndithu posachedwapa, m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi.

Zoyesayesa oyamba decrypt kuti inabala zipatso, yotengekatengeka German zilankhulo George Grotefend. Amangonena kuti ndi wanzeru usiku wina chifukwa anali "awiri" anagwira ntchito zosatheka motsatira izo. Kenako anabwerera ku luso lake - anagwira ntchito mphunzitsi. Koma chiyambi cha yankho iye anaika cryptography.

Mu 1872, kaya Grotefend English engraver Dzhordzh Smit ankawerenga chizindikiro, amene anati Chigumula. Chigumula anatumiza milungu, koma iwo anathandiza munthu amene, monga Nowa m'Baibulo, opulumutsidwa. ntchito Izi ndiye adalowa sayansi yotchedwa "Nyimbo ya Gilgamesh."

Amathandiza kwambiri zimenezi Genri Roulinson, ndi attache asilikali. Anaika moyo wake, iye anaphunzira komanso kukopera zolemba ochuluka a mafumu Persian mu Behistun thanthwe ndi phiri Elvand. Iwo ali ambiri mayina (mibadwo ya mafumu), kotero kuti anathandiza kumasulira atatu zakale kulemba dongosolo, zikuluzikulu zitatu.

m'malo epilogue ndi

Kotero, ife timvetsetsa kuti zakale izi, anapanga yochepa ulendo kwawo - mu Mesopotamia. Kodi wina Tinakumbukira dziko imeneyi, yomwe kale kumizidwa mu anaiwalika? Chakuti, ngakhale ndime ya zaka, kuda ake ali padziko lapansi mayi. Ndipo mu malingaliro a munthu ano akadalipo miyambo ya anthu amene ankakhala pakati pa mtsinje wa Tigirisi ndi Firate. Tonse kumbukirani mzinda wotchuka wa Babulo, umene uli wotchuka chifukwa makoma ake yaikulu ndi ziggurats zipata kukongoletsa ndi mafano. Mu mzinda uwu, ngakhale mabwinja a nsanja wotchuka, kumene Baibulo limanena. Chabwino, amene sakudziwa za Nineve, mzinda komwe simukufuna kupita Mkhristu ali wolungama? Sikutheka osanenapo Asuri, amene asilikali anali ndi aluso ndi olimba mtima, komanso aukali kwambiri. Ndipo, ndithudi, a Pesepoli, chopunthira cha Perisiya, kumene phulusa anakhalabe.