Polotsk ukulu: history, maphunziro. Culture wa ukulu wa Polotsk

Pa m'mayiko akale a Belarus anali angapo limati yaing'ono. Koma yaikulu komanso yofunika kwambiri ankatengedwa Polotsk ndi Turov ukulu. Mu ulamuliro anali m'zigawo zing'onozing'ono. Monga Pinsk, Minsk, Vitebsk ndi ena. M'nkhaniyi tiona kuyang'ana pa mbiriyakale ya maphunziro, chikhalidwe, ndi oweruza a yaikulu komanso odziwika bwino maphunziro pagulu - ndi ukulu wa Polotsk.

Inu mukhoza kumva kuti ukulu wa Polotsk - woyamba Chibelarusi boma. Kotero izo ziri. Ndipotu, kutchula koyamba za chiyambi ubale ang'onoang'ono a Polotsk dziko. Zinali apa, pa njira wotchuka madzi "ku Scandinavia kwa Agiriki", ndipo anapanga amphamvu ukulu Chibelarusi mafuko (Radimichi Krivichi Dregovichi).

mapangidwe

Komanso panali ukulu wa Polotsk m'mayiko Chibelarusi? Mwatsoka, yankho la funso limeneli si bwino nkotheka. Pakali pano, pali anakhalabe magwero palibe zolembedwa kapena zokumbidwa pansi, ndi imene anthu amatha kudziwa nthawi imene mapangidwe wa ukulu wa Polotsk anayamba. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale ndi maganizo chabe. Ndi chiphunzitso ambiri amatchedwa IX atumwi. Inali nthawi kuti mbisoweka m'manda gulu (barrows yaitali). M'malomwake, yekhayekha chitunda osachepera - wophatikizidwa. Asayansi pofotokoza mfundo izi kufooka kwambiri ndi banja ndiponso kugwirizana mafuko. Komanso, ndi m'zaka za m'ma IX, anayamba kuoneka kusiyana kalasi pakati m'manda. Ena anali chokongoletsedwa ndi mtengo, pamene ena - chophweka kwambiri. Izi zimasonyeza wa lochitira katundu.

Mafuko mu olemera ndi osauka kwachititsa kuti zikamera wa otchuka, amene towered pa anthu ena a m'mudzimo, ndipo limagwira ulamuliro waukulu. Wa otchuka, kenako, anaima ndi akalonga m'deralo. Iwo alimbane okha mumzinda wokhala ndi linga, amene anali otetezedwa ndi mafuko awo. Choncho, mu zoyambirira za m'ma IX anthu otchuka a mafuko Krivichy anamanga mzinda, kumalo kumene mtsinje zimapita ku Polota Western Berezina. Apa, kwa oyandikana nawo anasonkhana msonkho.

Mizinda mayi Chibelarusi

Mbiri ya ukulu wa Polotsk akuyamba imodzi ndi chilengedwe cha mzinda wa Polotsk. Woyamba kutchulidwa nduna ya m'mudzi wa chaka 862. Komabe, olemba mbiri amati anaonekera kale. Choncho, mu gawo undated za "nthano ya makedzana Zaka" (la Nkhani zakale za kumayiko Asilavo) anatchula dzina la "Polotsk" imodzi ndi "Kriviches". Ndizachidziwikire kuti ngakhale mu nthawi ya Krivichy kuonetsetsa boma osiyana ndi likulu lake ku Polotsk. Pasanapite nthawi Scandinavia choyamba anaonekera padziko lapansi, ndipo imagwiritsidwa Old Russian boma.

City Dzina limeneli chifukwa cha mtsinje, limene lili pa gombe. Monga tanenera kale, pafupi ndi kuthetsa mtsinje anadzikhuthula mu Polota Western Berezina.

m'gawo

Polotsk ndi Turov maukulu anaikidwa pa m'mayiko osabereka kwambiri. Komabe Polack ali ndi mwayi wina ofunika. Apa ndi mphambano ya njira malonda kwambiri za Berezina, Dvina ndi Neman. Ndiko kuti, njira madzi "ku Scandinavia ndi Ahelene." Izi zachititsa kuti chitukuko cha malonda ndi chuma mu chikhalidwe, komanso anachititsa misa kusamuka kwa anthu a mitundu ina ndi mitundu m'dziko la Polotsk. Dera la ukulu anali atazunguliridwa ndi nkhalango moti, amene anali ngati chitetezo chodalirika kwa adani. Ndipo adani Polochans analemera ndi zambiri chaka chilichonse. Popeza ukulu wa ulamuliro pa zamalonda sanali limati loyandikana - Kiev ndi Novgorod. Zomwe zinachititsa kuti mikangano Kupititsa ndi mwazi chachikulu.

Polotsk waphatikizapo osati dziko la Polotsk, komanso mbali ya gawo Dregovichi, Chilituyaniya ndi mafuko Chifinishi. Polochans atakhazikika mu Western Dvina, nsalu zokha ayi, komanso m'madamu Berezina, Neman ndi Svisloch. Kapangidwe ka ukulu inaphatikizapo mizinda yaikulu monga Minsk, Vitebsk, Orsha, Borisov, Logoisk, Zaslavl, Drutsk, Lukoml ndi ena. Choncho, pa IX-XIII zaka unali waukulu ndi wamphamvu boma European.

choyamba Prince

Kutchula koyamba za mfumu amene anakwatitsa ukulu wa Polotsk, mu theka lachiwiri la X atumwi. Monga tanenera mu amafotokoza nkhani, "valadaryu, trymau ine knyazhyu Ragvalod Polatskayu zyamleyu".

Norman Rogvolod "inachokera nyanja", ndipo analamulira ku 972 978 chaka. Nthawiyi imatengedwa chomaliza mapangidwe wa ukulu wa Polotsk. boma zachitika malire ake, molimba andale ndi utsogoleri, anapanga asilikali amphamvu, anayamba kugwirizananso malonda. Pachimake m'mbiri komanso pakati unali mzinda wa Polotsk.

Mfumukazi ndi maina atatu

Mbiri ya ukulu wa Polotsk - mbiriyakale ya kulimbana kwa ufulu, limene pambuyo pake anataya. Choncho, 980, m'mayiko ankawaona monga mbali ya Old boma Russian. The ukulu wakhala ndi Chip kunenerera pakati pa adzamenye nkhondo ndiye Novgorod ndi Kiev.

Monga tanenera mu amafotokoza, mu 978, Prince Rogvolod kulimbikitsa malire mkhalidwe wawo, anaganiza mwana wake wamkazi wa mkulu wa Kiev Rogneda Jaropolk, kukana nthawi yomweyo Vladimir Svyatoslavich (mfumu ku Novgorod Rurik mafumu). Sindikanakhoza kupirira chitonzo, Vladimir anadzasokoneza Polotsk, anapha Rogvolod ndi ana ake awiri, ndi Rogneda mokakamiza anatenga mkazi wake popereka dzina lake Gorislava. Ndiye Kalonga wa Novgorod, analanda Kiev napita Polotsk chipembedzo chatsopano - Christianity.

Malinga ndi "nthano ya makedzana Zaka" mu Rogneda ndi Vladimir anali ndi ana anayi: Izyaslav (Kalonga wa Polotsk), Yaroslav Mudry (Kalonga wa Kiev ndi Novgorod), Vsevolod (Vladimir-Volyn kalonga) ndi Mstislav (Chernigov Prince). Komanso ana aakazi awiri Premislava, amene kenako anakwatiwa Laszlo Baldy (Ugric mfumu), ndipo Predslava, anakwatiwa ndi Boleslaw III Yofiira (Czech Prince).

Pambuyo Rogneda Vladimir anafuna kupha iye ndi mwana wake Izyaslav (anawachonderera bambo wake mayi ake) anatumiza Polotsk, mzinda Izjaslavl. Mwana wamkazi wa mfumu anatenga chophimba ndipo anatenga dzina lachitatu - Anastasia.

Chuma ukulu wa Polotsk

The 988 okhala Izjaslavl anaitanidwa Rogneda mwana ndi Vladimir Izjaslava kulamulira. Iye anatchuka kwambiri monga yamphongo-mlembi wogulitsa zikhulupiriro latsopano, Christianity, pa dziko Polotsk. Imayamba ndi Izyaslav nthambi yatsopano mu Rurik mafumu - Izyaslavich (Polotsk). Ana a Izyaslav, mosiyana ndi ana a abale ake, anatsindika zimakhalira pachibale awo ndi Rogvolod (akuchikazi). Iwo ankadzitcha Rogvolodovichami.

Izyaslav anafa ali wang'ono (mu 1001), amene adzapulumuke mayi ake Rogneda okha chaka chimodzi. Polotsk ukulu anayamba kulamulira mwana wake wamng'ono Bryachislav Izyaslavich. Mpaka 1044 mfumu imachitika mfundo zake umalimbana kuwonjezera dziko. Masuku pamutu nkhondoyo ndi kufooketsa Russia, Bryachislav anagwira Novgorod ndi zaka zisanu anakhala wamphamvu ndi amalume ake Yaroslav Ngwanzeru zakuya. Pa nthawi yomweyo linamangidwa ndi mzinda Bryachislavl (Braslav amakono).

maluwa

Kutalika kwa mphamvu yake ndi ukulu wa Polotsk anafikira mu 1044-1101 gg. Mu ulamuliro wa Vseslava Veschego mwana Prince Brjachislav. Podziwa kuti adzachita nkhondo pa moyo ndi imfa, kalonga mpaka m'ma 60 ntchentche XI atumwi kukonzekera nkhondo - zokhalamo mzinda, iye agumanikanambo anyankhondo. Choncho, Polotsk anagwidwa ku banki lamanja la Western Dvina, pakamwa pa Polota.

Vseslav Polotsk anayamba kukuza dziko kutali kumpoto, mafuko kuponderezedwa Latgale ndi Liv. Komabe, mu 1067, pamene iye anali kuyenda mu Novgorod analephera, kalonga ndi ana ake anagwidwa ndi Izyaslav Yaroslavich, ndipo boma analandidwa. Koma patapita chaka anthu opanduka anamasulidwa Vseslav, ndipo iye anali wokhoza kuti ayambenso otayika pansi.

Kuyambira 1069 1072 ndi ukulu wa Polotsk anatsogolera osatekeseka ndi wamagazi nkhondo ndi Kiev mafumu. Iwo analandidwa Smolensk ukulu, komanso mbali ya Chernigov dziko kumpoto. Masiku amenewo, anthu likulu la ukulu anali anthu oposa zikwi makumi awiri.

kugwa

Atamwalira Vseslav mu 1101, ana ake analekanitsa ukulu mu fiefdoms: Vitebsk, Minsk, Polotsk, Logoisk ndi ena. Ndipo mu 1127 mwana Vladimira Monomaha, masuku pamutu kusiyana pakati pa akalonga, anagonjetsa ndipo anagonjetsa Polotsk. Izyaslavich anatengedwa wamsinga, ndiye kwathunthu anathamangitsa kuti Byzantium lakutali. Choncho, pofika kumapeto kwa XII m'ma ulamuliro wa ukulu wa Polotsk m'bwalo lonse anagonjetsedwa, ndi gawo la magawo anagwira Novgorod ndi Chernigov.

Mu XIII atumwi Polotsk unamenya latsopano vuto - dongosolo la Lupanga, yemwe anadzakhala Livonia. Pomwepo Prince Vladimir wa Polotsk nkhondo Akhristu kwa zaka zoposa makumi awiri, koma kuti asiye iwo sanali pansi mphamvu. Ichi chinali chiyambi cha mapeto a ufulu. Ndipo mu 1307 Polotsk anakhala mbali ya Grand Duchy la Lithuania.

Culture wa ukulu wa Polotsk

Iwo ukulu umenewu wakhala malo anabadwa statehood Chibelarusi ndi chikhalidwe ndi kulemba. Ndi Polotsk kugwirizana ndi mayina monga Evfrosiniya Polotskaya, Lazar Bogsha, Frantsisk Skorina, Kirill Turovsky ndi Simeon wa Polotsk. Iwo ndi kunyada kwa mtundu Chibelarusi.

Mkubwela kwa Christianity mu Nyumba Polotsk chinayamba. Choncho, choyamba yaikulu yomanga mwala anakhala Polotsk St. Sophia Cathedral, anamanga mu 1050 ndi. Ndipo mu 1161 ku jeweler Lazar Bogsha analengedwa mwaluso luso Ntchito ya Asilavo kum'mawa - wapadera mtanda Euphrosyne. XIII m'ma nthawi pamene panali chinenero Chibelarusi.