Mtendere atomu: chithunzi chizindikiro. Kodi kukhala atomu mtendere? Kodi pali tsogolo atomu mtendere?

Kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World mizinda Japanese wa Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki, mabomba awiri nyukiliya inatha. The chida latsopano anali oopsa kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu. The zotsatira manja nyukiliya mpikisano pakati Soviet Union ndi United States yakuthandizani mantha anthu m'mayiko ena chinthu nyukiliya. Komabe, kuwonjezera zokwana nyukiliya, ndipo panali mtendere atomu. Ndi mawu amene amatanthauza mphamvu za nyukiliya.

Mfundo ntchito NPP

Ntchito zotani aliyense nyukiliya ndi fission wa maatomu. Mavutowo, m'pofunika kukachititsa nyutironi bombardment wa ureniamu-235 mtima. The particles zing'onozing'ono anawagawa makombo, motero kutulutsa zedi a Popanga madzi a gamma-ray ndi kutentha.

atomu mtendere tingakhale mtendere yekha pansi ziyang'aniridwe, Madongosolo a NPP. mfundo ndi yakuti mu fission neutrons tionetse kuti kulenga zochita latsopano unyolo. Kusalankhula kumzindikira ndi mtima kumabweretsa kuphulika ndi. Mfundo imeneyi magwero ntchito mabomba a atomiki. Mphamvu zomera olamulidwa ndi ndondomeko, ndi mphamvu owonjezera imatsogoleredwa mu njira zothandiza anthu.

Ureniamu-235

mafuta nyukiliya pamaso ntchito aikidwa mu ndodo wapadera. Iwo kusungidwa mu mawonekedwe a pellets zopangidwa okusayidi ureniamu. Iwo ayenera kumvetsa kuti mankhwala si yunifolomu. 3% mapale otere zikuphatikizapo ureniamu-235 (pamene anachita adzagaŵikana wina), nakhala monga 238 (isotope izi si wogawanika).

N'chifukwa chiyani tiyenera ubwenzi woterewu? Kusunga njira pansi pa ulamuliro. Ntchito fission riyakitala akuyamba anachita. Mu njira ya chitukuko cha ureniamu-235 yafupika. Pa nthawi yomweyo, izo kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa mankhwala fission. Izi zinyalala nyukiliya. Iwo loopsa kwambiri chilengedwe Motero, kuwataya bwino. Kodi kukhala atomu mtendere? Malinga ku umisiri anafotokoza, kokha pamene mosamalitsa malamulo ndi kupanga chikalata.

ANAKULIRA maonekedwe

Nyukiliya (atomiki) mphamvu unachokera mu m'ma XX atumwi. Kuyambira pamenepo, mazana a zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya (panopa ukugwira 442) anamangidwa ku dziko. atomu mtendere amapereka koposa theka la mphamvu mu France, Poland, Lithuania, Slovakia, Sweden ndi Korea South. Mu Ulaya, nyukiliya zomera mphamvu kupanga za gawo limodzi la magetsi.

Zonsezi zinayamba mu 1939, pamene ureniamu fission anapeza mu Germany. kafukufuku German ndi chidwi kwambiri mu USSR. Asayansi kamodzi zinaonekeratu kuti kokha ndondomeko lotseguka kuti amalola ndalama yaikulu mphamvu. Ngati akatswiri anakwanitsa kuphunzira kulamulira zochita zovuta kumvetsa pothetsa mavuto ambiri a zachuma. Woyamba Soviet kufufuza zokhudzana ndi atomu mtendere, womwe unachitikira ku RIAN (Analandira Institute wa Academy of Sciences) motsogozedwa ndi lopambana sayansi Igor Kurchatov.

Mtundu nyukiliya

The ntchito asayansi Soviet akulephera chifukwa chosowa USSR ndi nkhokwe mwini wa ureniamu. Komanso, mu 1941, Great kukonda dziko lako nkhondo ndi kupezedwa chosintha anachita kuyiwala. Against maziko awa, kutsogoza anali intercepted mu UK, USA ndi Germany. The chododometsa kwagona kuti mphamvu za nyukiliya ali anatuluka ngati mphukira ya polojekiti militarist. Kumene, mayiko amene ankamenyana mu malo oyamba akuyesa kupeza chida champhamvu kwambiri, kenako kuganizira njira mtendere ntchito apeza.

Woyamba experimental riyakitala nyukiliya unayambitsidwa mu US mu December 1942. mtsogoleri Project ndi Chitaliyana wasayansi Enrico Fermi. Mu USSR, ndi riyakitala choyamba anaonekera mochedwa 1946 mu Institute of Atomic Energy. Ndi nthawi iyi anatenga US mabomba a Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki. Mu Soviet Union analenga bomba la atomiki mu 1949, wa hydrogen - mu 1953. Nkhondo itatha, ndi asayansi anayamba kukonzekera riyakitala nyukiliya kuthamanga pa chuma cha dziko la Soviet Union.

NPP Yomanga

Woyamba nyukiliya magetsi m'dziko unayambitsidwa m'chilimwe cha 1954 chaka choyamba. Zinali Obninsk nyukiliya magetsi, inali mu dera Kaluga. Mu United States pang'ono mochedwa ndipo anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito atomiki ntchito mphamvu. Mu 1956, ku America kwa nthawi yoyamba anakwanitsa ntchito riyakitala kuti magetsi. Pang'onopang'ono, mayiko awiri pogwiritsa latsopano zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya. Aliyense wa iwo adzasula mphamvu ina umboni.

Pachimake pa chitukuko cha mphamvu za nyukiliya anadza mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma 1960. Kenako, chiwerengero cha ntchito yomanga nyukiliya magetsi anayamba kuchepa. Mu Congress US ndi asayansi wayamba zokambirana pa nkhani zokhudza chitetezo cha maatomu mtendere. Komabe, ndi kupanga magetsi 1986 ku zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya anafika chilemba cha 15% buku opangidwa ndi zomera ochiritsira mphamvu.

nyukiliya chizindikiro mphamvu

Mu 1958 ku Brussels, lomwe ndinkakhala nalo wina World Chiwonetsero, anatsegula Atomium. Pamwamba kapangidwe mfundo za mmisiri Andre Vaterkeyner. Atomium zikuwoneka ngati kuchuluka chitsulo galasi latisi maatomu naini olumikizidwa pamodzi. Kandalama kulemera - matani 2,400, ndi kutalika mamita 102. Alendo akhoza kulowamo asanu a mitundu inayi. Izi maatomu zitsanzo wakuzidwa mabilioni zana zina, olumikizidwa kwa wina ndi mzake mipope makumi 23 mita. Mkati iwo ndi makonde ndi escalators.

Photo za "atomu mtendere", amene anaonekera mu Brussels, mkati mwa nyengo ya nyukiliya, kufalitsa mwamsanga padziko lonse, ndipo Atomium anakhala chizindikiro cha mphamvu yonse nyukiliya ndi mfundo yakuti kunachitika asayansi atulukira ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti athandize anthu, osati nkhondo ndi chiwonongeko. Belgium alendo kukopa otchulidwa buku ndi wotchuka Soviet yopeka olemba Strugatsky abale "Monday akuyamba Loweruka". mtendere atomu chizindikiro akuonekera ya zojambula, komanso posters, zoyenera mphamvu nyukiliya.

chinthu zachilengedwe

Vuto la kuwonongeka kwa malo ndi zinyansi nyukiliya n'kofunika kwambiri kuposa kale chaka. Mwachitsanzo, mu atomu ano Russian mtendere chinkhoswe ndodo ya 10 zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya. mabizinezi onsewa amafunikira chisamaliro chapadera mabungwe zachilengedwe ndi boma.

Mu European Union chaka amasonkhana kiyubiki mamita zikwi 50 zinyalala za nyukiliya. The Vuto lalikulu kwagona kutaya wotere imakhala oopsa kwa zaka (Mwachitsanzo, m'nyengo ya kuvunda kwa nyukiliyazo basi-239 ndi zaka 24,000).

Kutaya zinyalala

Masiku ano, pali mfundo zingapo za mmene yabwino yochotsera zinyalala nyukiliya. Ganizo loyamba ndi kulenga repositories kuti ali pansi pa nyanja. N'zovuta akuyendera njira. Muli ayenera kukhala akuya ndithu, kuwonjezera, iwo akhoza kuwononga nyanja panopa.

Mfundo yachiwiri amati NASA, amene kupereka kutumiza zinyalala nyukiliya mu mlengalenga. Njira imeneyi imagwira otetezeka Dziko Lapansi, koma ndi zinadzala ndi ndalama kwambiri. Pali mfundo zina: kuti katundu zinyalala ku zilumba bwinja kapena m'manda mu ayezi a Antarctica. Koma zovomerezeka kwambiri poona njira ya kumanga n'chodabwitsa dongosolo thanthwe mobisa. Maphunziro okhudzana ndi mfundo imeneyi, kupitiriza adzasungidwe mu Germany ndi Switzerland.

Phunziro la Chernobyl

Kwa nthawi yaitali, mphamvu za nyukiliya ankaona popanda wopikisana. Kwa zaka zingapo, atomu mtendere mu USSR ndi maiko ena anapitiriza kuwonjezeka kwa chuma chawo. Komabe, mu 1986 panali tsoka ku Chernobyl, omwe amakakamizidwa anthu kupendanso maganizo ake kwa zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya. Pa siteshoni, pafupi ndi Pripyat, inaphulika zinachitika, zotsatira umene unali chiwonongeko cha riyakitala ndi kutulutsidwa mu chilengedwe ndalama zambiri zinthu woopsawo nyukiliya.

Wotchuka Soviet chiphiphiritso "atomu mtendere m'nyumba iliyonse" anali kusweka. Mu miyezi ingapo anthu 30 anafa pangoziyi. Komabe, zotsatira woona wa walitsa ananena. Mu zaka wotsatira, kudwala matenda oipa anafa Anthu ambiri. Zikwi nzika Soviet anali m'dera kachilombo. m'madera ambiri Belarus, Ukraine ndi Russia akhala zosafunika ulimi. The ngozi pa Chernobyl mphamvu za nyukiliya mbewu zinachititsa kuti mliri wa chonama chikhalidwe poyerekezera ndi mphamvu nyukiliya. Pambuyo pa tsokalo, maofesi ambiri anatsekedwa padziko lonse.

Ngakhale pa zaka 30 kukhwimitsa chitetezo makampani awa chimaonekadi bwino, theoretically tsoka ofanana Chernobyl zingachitike kachiwiri. Mwambo ngozi, ndiponso pambuyo Chernobyl: mu 1957 - ku United Kingdom (Windscale), mu 1979 - mu US (Three Mile Island), mu 2011 - mu Japan (Fukushima). Masiku ano, IAEA anasonkhana mudziwe zoposa 1000 zochitika zapadera pa malo. Zimayambitsa ngozi: kulakwitsa kwa anthu (80%), kupatula kawirikawiri - kamangidwe zolakwika. Pa Fukushima ku Japan, mwadzidzidzi ndi kwachitika chifukwa chivomezi champhamvu ndipo anayamba madzi osefukira.

Chiyembekezo kwa mphamvu za nyukiliya

Kudziŵa ngati pali tsogolo mphamvu mtendere nyukiliya ku mfundo chuma view zovuta ndi kukwezedwa milandu yambiri ya Akatswiri. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zinthu zotsutsana za tsogolo lake bwinobwino ndi yosokoneza. zolosera Recent kuti akumasula International Energy Agency, kuti zikapitirira kupitiriza cholowa cha magetsi opangidwa ndi zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya, adzaphedwa 2030 kuchokera 15% 9%.

Mpaka posachedwapa, mphamvu za nyukiliya zikufunika kuphatikizapo chifukwa mitengo mkulu mafuta. Komabe, mu 2014 iwo anagwa zikuchepa. Motero, pali wina njira kuti mphamvu za nyukiliya wotsika. N'kofunikanso kuti atomu anthu amtendere anapereka magetsi (kuti, ngakhale ngati ntchito ambiri sangathe kwathunthu kuchotsa anthu kudalira mphamvu).

Mafuta kapena magetsi?

Mafuta, ngakhale zonse, n'kofunika kuti makampani ndi zoyendera. 40% mphamvu kuti chimadyedwa United States, malinga gwero kuti. Kuyambira kudalira mafuta sanathe kuchotsa Japan ndi France (ngakhale zikukangalika ntchito NPP). Kotero, kodi pali tsogolo atomu mtendere, kapena wathedwa kukhalabe mu mthunzi wa "golide wakuda"? mumaganiza awa likuonetsera kuti mbewu akhoza kukhala m'mbuyomu. Komabe, ena zochitika zaposachedwapa mwandipatsa mphamvu nyukiliya mwayi watsopano.

Tikuyankhula zokhudza maonekedwe a magalimoto amene amayendera petulo palibe, magetsi. Lero, magalimoto amenewa ayamba kupeza US ndi misika European. Pambuyo zaka zingapo magalimoto magetsi adzakhala ponseponse. Inali pa nthawi imeneyi kupulumutsa chuma cha padziko lonse mwina kubwera atomu kachiwiri mtendere. NPP akhoza kuthetsa mavuto likuwonjezekabe wa m'mayiko osiyanasiyana mu magetsi.

maphatikizidwe mphamvu

Pali m'lingaliro lina, imene atomu mwamtendere kupanga kupambana zachuma. Vuto lina lalikulu kugwirizana ndi amene zosawononga chilengedwe otetezeka opareshoni ya zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya. Funso la zovuta za maliro zinyalala za nyukiliya ndiponso anakhala mafuta wafunsira lingaliro la reformatting a nyukiliya latsopano atomiki maphatikizidwe. mabizinezi oterowo adzakhala otetezeka kwathunthu kwa chilengedwe. Koma pamaso pa luso la atomu mtendere kudzachitika kupanga akatswiri adzapita kutali.

Today pa ntchito nyukiliya kale ntchito magulu ochokera m'mayiko 33. Globality ntchito ndi mafuta nyukiliya amayamba ndi kuchuluka kwa ubwino wake. Si bwino kokha kwa chilengedwe, komanso zopanda malire. Zomwe zofunika asayansi - deuterium, amene anachokera ku nyanja. Waukulu njira zamakono kusiyana nyukiliya siteshoni ku NPP ndi mabizinezi latsopano maphatikizidwe (fission nyukiliya ikuchitika pa zakale nyukiliya magetsi) zidzachitika. Mwinamwake njira imeneyi ndi tsogolo la atomu mtendere.