Biology: maselo. Kapangidwe, ntchito, ntchito

selo zamoyo ambiri amadziwika aliyense wa maphunziro kusukulu. Ife amati inu kachiwiri anaphunzira kamodzi, komanso kupeza kanthu kena katsopano. Dzina "selo" anali akufuna kubwerera mu 1665 ndi England Robert Hooke. Komabe, ndi m'zaka za m'ma 19 anayamba kuphunzira mwadongosolo. Asayansi chidwi, mwa zina, udindo wa maselo mthupi. Iwo akhoza wapangidwa zosiyanasiyana ziwalo zosiyana ndi tizilombo (mazira, mabakiteriya, mitsempha erythrocytes), kapena kukhala zinthu palokha (mogwirizana). Ngakhale zosiyanasiyana awo, ntchito ndi kapangidwe a iwo akupezeka zambiri zofanana.

ntchito selo

onse ali osiyana mu mawonekedwe ndipo nthawi zambiri ndi ntchito. Zingasiyane ndithu mwamphamvu ndi maselo minofu ndi ziwalo za thupi. Komabe, selo zamoyo likusonyeza mbali kuti ndi chibadidwe mitundu awo onse. Zonse ndi kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni. ndondomeko uno umalamulidwa ndi zida za chibadwa. A selo kuti si lithe mapuloteni, makamaka akufa. Selo imagwirira - ndi munthu amene zigawo kusintha nthawi zonse. Komabe, makalasi waukulu wa zinthu pa nthawi yomweyo kukhala sichinasinthe.

njira zonse mu selo pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Chakudya, kupuma, kubereka, ndi kupukusa chakudya. Choncho, selo amoyo amakhala ndi chakuti zimachitika nthawi mphamvu kagayidwe onse. Aliyense wa iwo anali ndi mbali yofunika - luso kusunga mphamvu ndi kuwononga iwo. Mwa zina monga gulu ndi irritability.

maselo amoyo onse mungachite kusintha mankhwala kapena thupi chilengedwe yowazungulira. Mundawu amatchedwa excitability kapena irritability. maselo zimasiyanasiyana pa malemeredwe ndi kuwola mlingo zinthu biosynthesis, kutentha, kumwa oxygen. Mmenemonso iwo amagwira ntchito achilendo kwa iwo.

kapangidwe selo

matabwa ake ndi kovuta, ngakhale amaona losavuta mawonekedwe a moyo sayansi monga zamoyo. maselo imakonzedwa mu chikhazikitso intercellular. Imakhala ndi kupuma, kudya ndi mphamvu mawotchi. Phata ndi cytoplasm - ndi Gawo la mukachipinda. Aliyense ali ndi chinthu yomanga Kakhungu umene - molekyulu. Biology anapeza kuti Kakhungu tichipeza ndi kuchuluka kwa maselo. Iwo anakonza mu zigawo zingapo. Chifukwa cha Kakhungu zinthu kudutsa kusankha. ndi nyumba zing'onozing'ono - organelles opezeka cytoplasm lapansi. Izi reticulum endoplasmic, mitochondria, ribosomes, pakati selo Golgi zovuta, lysosomes. Inu savutika kumvetsa mmene maselo kuyang'ana, kufufuza manambalawo m'nkhani ino.

Kakhungu

Tikaonetsetsa chomera maselo kudzera simungathe kutiona (mwachitsanzo, muzu anyezi) inu mukhoza kuwona kuti wazunguliridwa ndi chipolopolo mwachilungamo wandiweyani. Tili ndi Nyamayi axon, chipolopolo zina zachilengedwe zosiyana. Komabe, iye amasankha zomwe zinthu ayenera kapena sayenera kuloledwa mu axon lapansi. Maselo ntchito tichipeza mu choona kuti ndi njira zina kuteteza khungu nembanemba. Kakhungu amatchedwa "linga khoma foni." Komabe, izi ndi zoona zokha m'njira yakuti chimateteza komanso umathandiza nkhani zake.

Ndipo nembanemba ndi nkhani mkati mwa mukachipinda nthawi wapangidwa maatomu chomwecho. Tikuyankhula zokhudza mpweya wa hydrogen, mpweya ndi asafe. maatomu Awa m'chiyambi cha tebulo nthawi. Kakhungu ndi sieve maselo, ochepa kwambiri (ndi makulidwe mu nthawi 10 zikwi kakang'ono kuposa kakakulu tsitsi). pores ake amafanana yaitali, ndime yopapatiza anapanga mpanda wa mzinda akale. m'lifupi awo ndi kutalika pasanathe utali nthawi 10. Komanso, tizibowo sieve ndi n'zochepa kwambiri. Ena pores selo zatenga mmodzi miliyoni a gawo la dera lonse la Kakhungu lapansi.

pachimake

Cell Biology komanso chidwi ngale pamaso. Ndi organelle waukulu woyamba chidwi asayansi. Mu 1981, phata la anatulukira ndi Robert Brown, ndi Scottish wasayansi. organelle Ichi ndi mtundu wa dongosolo cybernetic, kumene yosungiramo, processing, ndiyeno kusamutsa kuti cytoplasm, ndi buku lomwe ndi lalikulu kwambiri. Phata ndikofunika mu ndondomeko ya cholowa, chimene chimachititsa kwambiri. Komanso, amachita kusinthika ntchito imene ndi kukonzanso umphumphu wa thupi selo. organelle ichi nthawi zonse chiyambi selo yaikulu. Koma mawonekedwe a phata la, nthawi zambiri ndi ozungulira ndi ovoid. Chromatin - mbali yofunika kwambiri ya organelle izi. mankhwala, zomwe ndi bwino-zolochedwa wapadera utoto nyukiliya.

Nembanemba awiri alekanitsa phata ku cytoplasm lapansi. Kakhungu Izi kugwirizana ndi Golgi zovuta endoplasmic reticulum. Pa Kakhungu nyukiliya ali pores kudzera ena zinthu udziyenda mosavuta, pamene ena zimakhala zovuta. Choncho, permeability wa chilolezo cha.

Nyukiliya kuyamwa - ichi mumtima pakati okhutira. Mmenemo danga inali pakati pa nyumba yake. Kwenikweni alipo phata nucleoli (mmodzi kapena angapo). Iwo anapanga ribosome. Pali kugwirizana pakati pa kukula kwa ntchito nucleoli ndi selo: ndi nucleoli lalikulu kuposa mwachangu amapezeka mapuloteni biosynthesis; ndipo Komano, maselo ndi kaphatikizidwe zochepa kapena iwo si sakupezeka kapena osafunika.

Mu phata ndi DNA. Izi wapadera ulusi-ngati mapangidwe. Kuwonjezera zachiwerewere, phata foni ali DNA 46 m'thupi la munthu. Analemba zokhudza makhalidwe cholowa cha chamoyo, chimene imafalikira kwa ana.

Maselo Nthawi zambiri pakati umodzi, koma pali maselo multinucleated (minofu, chiwindi, etc.). Ngati inu kuchotsa phata, Mavesi a khungu adzakhala nonviable.

cytoplasm

The cytoplasm ndi colorless semisolid misa mucosa. Lili pafupi 75-85% madzi, za 10-12% ya kwa amino zidulo ndi mapuloteni, 4-6% chakudya, kuchokera 2 3% lipids ndi mafuta, ndi 1% ndi zina zinthu zina zochita kupanga.

Nkhani za maselo ili mu cytoplasm, ndi amasamukira. Chifukwa organelles izi optimally anaika, ndi zochita amuzolengedwa ndi bwino ndondomeko ya kudzipatula mankhwala kagayidwe kachakudya. formations zina akuimira mu CHIKWANGWANI cytoplasm: zophuka chabe, koma michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana, cilia. Cytoplasm wafala dongosolo mauna (vacuolar) ongokhala matumba flattened, mbale, tubules inakula. N'zokhudza lakunja plasma Kakhungu.

endoplasmic reticulum

organelle wakhala dzina lake choncho popeza kuti ili mu chigawo chapakati cha cytoplasm (kutanthauziridwa monga "mkati" pa mawu Greek "EndoH"). EPS - dongosolo yaikulu kwambiri thovu, timachubu, tubules mosiyanasiyana osiyana ndi makulidwe. Iwo siyanitsa ndi cytoplasm wa maselo a zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana.

Pali mitundu iwiri ya EPS. Origin - granular, chomwe akasinja ndi tubular, ndilo lili ndi mikanda padziko (granules). Mtundu wachiwiri wa EPS - wa yosalala, kuti ndi yosalala. Miyalayo ndi ribosome. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ambiri granular wa EPS anati mu mtima maselo nyama, pomwe akulu ndi zambiri mosiyanasiyana yosalala. Amadziwika kuti ribosome ndi malo kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni mu cytoplasm lapansi. Izi zikhoza kapadera kuti EPS granular ndi ambiri maselo, kumene yogwira mapuloteni kaphatikizidwe. zopezera Agranular amakhulupirira kuti ankaimira makamaka maselo kumene kaphatikizidwe wa atuluka lipids yogwira, i.e. mafuta ndi osiyana mafuta monga mankhwala.

mtundu onse wa EPS Osangopereka nawo kaphatikizidwe zinthu organic. Apa, zinthu izi kudziunjikira ndipo kusamutsidwa kwa malo ankafuna. EPS komanso nthawi kagayidwe kuti amapezeka pakati pa chilengedwe ndi selo.

ribosomes

chipindacho sanali Kakhungu organelles. Iwo amakhala ndi mapuloteni ndi asidi ribonucleic. Izi mbali ya selo adakali mokwanira anaphunzira mkati kapangidwe amazionera. Mu elekitironi maso pa ribosome amaoneka ngati bowa kapena pellets. Aliyense wa iwo ali mbali yaing'ono ndi yaikulu (subunits) ndi poyambira pa. Zingapo ribosome nthawi zonse anali kuphatikiza filament makamaka RNA (asidi ribonucleic) ndi RNA otchedwa (zambiri). Ndiyamika organelles awa apanga kuchokera kwa amino mamolekyulu zidulo mapuloteni.

Golgi zovuta

Mu tubules ndi lumens EPS cavities kubwera mankhwala biosynthetic. Apa, iwo wambiri unit wakupambulika dzinache Golgi zovuta (mu chithunzi pamwambapa ndi ikhale golgi zovuta). zida ili pafupi phata la. Iye mtsikanayu kulanda wa biosynthesis wa mankhwala zaperekedwa pamwamba selo. Komanso Golgi zovuta nawo kuchotsa awo ku maselo mu mapangidwe lysosomes, ndi zina zotero. D.

organelle Izi chatsegulidwa Camillio Golgi Italy cytologist (zaka za moyo - 1844-1926). Polemekeza iye chaka cha 1898, iye wotchedwa unit (zovuta) Golgi. Zatha ribosomes mapuloteni kulowa organelle izi. Akafuna ena organelles zina, wosiyana mbali ya zida za Golgi. Choncho, mapuloteni ndi kuwapititsa ku malo ankafuna.

lysosomes

Akulankhula za Kuyang'ana kwa maselo organelles amene m'gulu zikuchokera awo, m'pofunika kutchula lysosomes. Iwo chowulungika mu mawonekedwe, amacheza ndi limodzi wosanjikiza Kakhungu. Mu lysosomes ya michere zosalemekeza mapulotini, lipids, chakudya. Ngati nembanemba lawonongeka lysosomal michere adzaphatikizana ndi kuwononga nkhani ili mkati mwa selo. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, iye amafa.

cytocentrum

Ilipo mu maselo amene angathe kugawana. pakati Cell wapangidwa ndi centrioles awiri (maselo ndodo). Kukhala pafupi ndi Golgi zida ndi phata, izo kumatanthauza mapangidwe spindle mu ndondomeko ya kugawikana selo.

mitochondria

Pakuti mphamvu organelles monga mitochondria (onani chithunzi pamwambapa) ndi chloroplasts. Mitochondria - mphamvu yapadera siteshoni ya mukachipinda. Kuti wachotsa mphamvu kuchokera zakudya. Mitochondria ndi zimasintha mawonekedwe, koma nthawi zambiri ndi pellet kapena ulusi. chiwerengero ndi kukula kwa impermanent awo. Izo zimatengera chimene ntchito zinchito za selo makamaka.

Ngati tikulingalira elekitironi micrograph, izo Tingaone kuti mitochondria ndi nembanemba awiri: amkati ndi kunja. Mumtima mitundu protuberances (crista) yokutidwa ndi michere. Chifukwa kukhalapo kwa mitochondria cristae chonse padziko ukuwonjezeka. N'zofunika ntchito za michere anapitiriza mwakhama.

Mu mitochondria pa, asayansi apeza DNA yeniyeni ndi ribosomal. Zimenezi zimathandiza organelles odzipereka ameneŵa motsanzira pa magawano selo.

chloroplasts

Mokhudzana chloroplast, ndiye mawonekedwe ndi chimbale kapena mpira kukhala casing awiri (mkati ndi kunja). Mkati organelle izi ndipo ribosomes, DNA, ndi lubwe - yeniyeni nyumba membranous kugwirizana ndi onse Kakhungu lamkati, ndi wina ndi mzake. Wotchedwa chlorophyll Zoonadi mu nembanemba wa Grand Prix. Ndiyamika kuti dzuwa mphamvu n'kukhala mphamvu mankhwala adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mu chloroplasts ntchito kaphatikizidwe chakudya (anapangidwa kuchokera madzi ndi mpweya).

Mukuvomereza kuti mfundo choperekedwa pamwambapa m'pofunika kudziŵa osati mayeso mu zamoyo. Khola - zakuthupi nyumba amapanga matupi athu. Inde, ndi onse zinyama - kuipidwa ya maselo. Monga mukuonera, zambiri mwa zigawo allocated kwa iwo. Koyamba zingaoneke kuti kuphunzira kapangidwe ka maselo - zovuta. Komabe, ngati inu muyang'ana, mutu umenewu si choncho zovuta. M'pofunika kudziwa kuti bwino sayansi, monga zamoyo. selo Kapangidwe - ndi imodzi mwa mfundo ofunika.