Mabomba a atomiki wa Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki: Zoyambitsa ndi Zotsatira

Chaka chotsatiracho, anthu chikondwerero tsiku la 70 la Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, yavivshey zitsanzo zambiri zankhanza chosasimbika, pamene masiku ochepa kapena maola kutha kwa nkhope ya dziko lapansi mzinda wonse ndi kupha masauzande anthu, kuphatikizapo wamba. Chitsanzo kwambiri omveka ndi bomba la Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki, ndi koyenela kulungamitsa amene anakayikira mwa munthu woganiza bwino.

Japan pa gawo lotsiriza la Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse

Monga mukudziwa, Nazi Germany anagonja pa usiku wa May 9, 1945. Izi anatanthauza mapeto a nkhondo Europe. Ndi chakuti mdani yekha wa mgwirizano wotsutsa-lopondereza anakhalabe lachifumu Japan, umene panthawi imeneyo mwalamulo kulengeza nkhondo za maiko khumi 6. Kale chifukwa cha nkhondo wamagazi asilikali ake kuti achoke Indonesia ndi Indochina mu June 1945. Koma pamene United States, pamodzi ndi Britain ndi China anapereka musankhepo lamulo Japanese, iye anakanidwa pa 26 July. Pankhaniyi, ngakhale pa nthawi ya msonkhano Yalta, Soviet Union adadzipereka mu August kuyamba zikuluzikulu amanyansidwa ndi Japan, zimene mapeto a nkhondo, iye ankayenera kuti akalandire ku South Sakhalin ndi Islands Kuril.

Prerequisites ntchito zida atomiki

Kale zochitika izi, mu chaka cha 1944 pa msonkhano wa atsogoleri a USA ndi UK anachitira ndi kuthekera ntchito mabomba latsopano sverhrazrushitelnyh ndi Japan. Pambuyo pake, wotchuka Manhattan Project, anapezerapo chaka chapitacho ndi umalimbana kulenga zida za nyukiliya izo kuyamba kugwira ntchito mwakhama, ndipo ntchito pa chilengedwe cha zitsanzo zake zoyambirira anamalizidwa kulembedwa chaka cha nkhondoyi mu Europe.

Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki: Amachititsa mabomba

Motero, pofika chilimwe cha 1945, US anakhala mwini yekha zida za nyukiliya mu dziko ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi uwu kuti amaumiriza mdani wanu ndi zaka pa yomweyo kugwirizana pakati odana ndi Hitler Mgwirizano - USSR.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, mosasamala kanthu za kugonjetsedwa, ndi makhalidwe Japan sanali wosweka. Mogwirizana ndi chakuti tsiku lililonse mazana a asilikali a Imperial Army inasanduka akuti inakankhira Kaiten ndi zamphamvu ndege awo ndi oponya zombo ndi mipherezero ankhondo a US Army. Izi zinatanthauza kuti pa ntchito nthaka m'gawo la Japan yokha anagwirizana asilikali kuyembekezera imfa yaikulu. Kuti chifukwa otsiriza ano nthawi zambiri anatchula ndi akuluakulu US monga chifukwa kulungamitsa kufunika miyeso monga bomba la Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki. Timakonda kuiwala kuti, Mawu a Churchill, masabata atatu pamaso msonkhano Potsdam , Stalin anamuuza za zoyesayesa za Japanese kukhazikitsa kukambirana mwamtendere. N'zoonekeratu kuti mfundo zimenezi mwa oimira dziko ati akafike ku America ndi Britain, monga bomba ikuluikulu ya m'mizinda ikuluikulu ndaika makampani awo a asilikali pa anangotsala pang'ono kugwa ndipo anapanga capitulation mosalephera.

kusankha mipherezero

Atalandira pangano mfundo kugwiritsa ntchito zida atomiki ndi Japan, komiti yapadera unakhazikitsidwa. msonkhano wake wachiwiri unachitikira pa May 10-11 ndi zoyenera kusankha m'mizinda, zimene zinayenera bomba. I waukulu amene anatsogolera Commission anali:

• Lamulo pamaso pa mozungulira chandamale asilikali zinthu ndi asilikali;
• kufunika kwake kwa anthu Japanese, osati kuchokera mfundo zachuma ndi njira maganizo, komanso ku maganizo;
• digiri yapamwamba ya tanthauzo la chinthu, chiwonongeko cha zomwe chingasokoneze kumveka mu dziko;
• cholinga sanayenera yoonongeka ndi mabomba, kuti asilikali anali kuzindikira Mphamvu ya zida zatsopano.

Mzinda umene ankaona ngati chandamale

Chiwerengero cha "ofuna" anali:

• Kyoto, umene uli waukulu pakati mafakitale ndi chikhalidwe ndi likulu lakale la Japan;
• Hiroshima ngati doko zofunika nkhondo ndi mzinda umene umasunga asilikali anali anaikira;
• Yokohama, umene uli likulu la makampani asilikali;
• Kokura - malo a nkhokwe yaikulu asilikali.

Malinga ndi Maulendo chopulumuka ophunzira mu zochitika zimenezo, ngakhale kuti cholinga abwino kwambiri ndi Kyoto, asilikali Minister United States G. Stimson anaumirira osati mzinda pa mndandanda, Iye anachita yodziwa zowoneka ake ndi ankaimira phindu ndi chikhalidwe dziko.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mabomba a Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki unali osati breaded. More ndendende, Cholinga chachiwiri ankaona mzinda wa Kokura. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi yakuti isanafike August 9, pa Nagasaki zinachitikadi airstrike ndi imene inachititsa nkhawa kukhonda anthu kuti atuluke ophunzira ambiri m'midzi yapafupi. Patapita kanthawi, chifukwa cha zokambirana yaitali mipherezero yopuma anasankhidwa, vuto la mwadzidzidzi. Ali:

• chifukwa bomba loyamba, ngati sangathe kugunda Hiroshima - Niigata;
• kwachiwiri (m'malo Kokura) - Nagasaki.

maphunziro

Mabomba a atomiki wa Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki adamfunsa kukonzekera bwino. Pa theka lachiwiri la May ndi June, pa maziko pachilumba cha Tinian linasamutsidwa 509 TH gulu Air Gulu US Air Force, choncho chitetezo miyeso kwapadera unatengedwa. Patatha mwezi umodzi, pa July 26 pachilumba anabweretsa atomiki bomba "Kamnyamata" ndi manambala 28 zigawo zikuluzikulu msonkhano wa "Mafuta Man". Tsiku lomwelo Dzhordzh Marshall, amene panthawiyo unachitikira malo wapampando wa olowa Chiefs ndodo, kuika siginecha yake pansi dongosolo kutsogolera kugwiritsa bombardment nyukiliya nthawi iliyonse pambuyo August 3, pamene pali zinthu mokwanira nyengo.

Woyamba atomiki kuukira Japan

Tsiku ndi bomba la Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki sitinganene kuti angachite monga nyukiliya pa mizinda imeneyi tinachita ndi kusiyana kwa masiku 3.

Nkhonyayo woyamba kubwezera Hiroshima. Ndipo chinachitika June 6, 1945, chaka. "Lemekezani" kusiya bomba "Kamnyamata" anapita ku gulu la ndege B-29, dzina la "Enola Gay", analamula msilikali Tibbets. Ndipo asanayambe kuwuluka ndege, kukhulupirira kuti kuchita ntchito zabwino awo "ft" kudzakhala mapeto othamanga a nkhondo, anapita mpingo ndipo analandira vial ndi cyanide potaziyamu mu nkhani ya kugwa mu ukapolo.

Pamodzi ndi "Enola Gay" anakwera atatu reconnaissance ndege mumlengalenga, cholinga kudziwa nyengo ndi mkanda 2 ndi zithunzi zipangizo kuphunzira magawo kuphulika.

Iye akupha zinachitika kwathunthu popanda mavuto, kuyambira usilikali Japanese sanadziwe zinthu kuthamangira kwa Hiroshima, ndi nyengo yabwino koposa. Zimene zinachitika Tingaone ndi kuyang'ana tepi "ndi bomba la atomiki wa Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki" - ndi zopelekedwa anasonkhana ku newsreels anapangidwa Pacific kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World.

Makamaka, pali zikusonyezedwa ndi bowa mtambo, limene, mogwirizana ndi Captain Roberta Lyuisa, amene anali m'Bungwe oyendetsa za "Enola Gay", unali kuonekera ngakhale pamene ndege awo anaulukira ku kumaliseche mfundo mabomba 400 miles.

Mabomba a Nagasaki

mosiyana anayamba ntchito kuponya bomba, "Mafuta Man" ikuchitika pa 9 August. Ambiri, ndi bomba la Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki, zithunzi zomwe zimabweretsa mayanjano mmene kudziwika la Chivumbulutso, anawakonzera mosamala, ndipo chinthu chokha chimene angathe kusintha kwa kukhazikitsa, anali nyengo. Izi ndi zimene zinachitika pamene m'mawa wa August 9, chisumbu cha Tinian ndege anaulukira molamulidwa ndi Major Charles Sweeney ndi bomba la atomiki, "Mafuta Man" pa bolodi. Pa maola 8 ndipo mphindi 10 bolodi anafika kumalo kumene iye anali kukumana ndi wachiwiri - B-29, koma sanampeza. Patatha mphindi 40 podikira, anaganiza kupanga mabomba ndege tokha, koma kunapezeka kuti mzinda wa Kokura wakhala 70% -owned mitambo. Komanso, ngakhale pamaso pa ndege ankadziwa mafuta mpope kulephera, ndipo pa nthawi bungwelo anali pa Kokura, zinali zoonekeratu kuti njira yokhayo bwererani kwa "Mafuta Man" - kuchita izo pa ndege pa Nagasaki. Ndiye B-29 adenda kumzinda ndipo anapanga Yambitsaninso ya bomba la atomiki, motsogozedwa ndi bwalo m'deralo. Choncho, mwangozi Kokura anapulumutsidwa, ndipo dziko lonse anadziwa kuti pali bomba la atomiki wa Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki. Mwamwayi, ngati mawu amenewo konse yoyenera mu nkhani iyi, bomba unagwa ku cholinga choyambirira, kutali ndithu kuchokera m'madera zogona, pang'ono anachepetsa afa.

Zotsatira za bomba la Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki

Malinga okha, mu maminiti pang'ono Onse amene ali mkati mwa utali wozungulira wa mamita 800 kuchokera pamene panayambira kuphulika, anamwalira. Ndiye moto anayamba m'mene mu Hiroshima iwo kenako mu mphepo yamkuntho chifukwa cha mphepo, liwiro la umene unali pafupi 50-60 km / ola.

Bomba la nyukiliya wa Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki ndi anthu anaphunzitsidwa chodabwitsa monga matenda poizoniyu. The oyamba kuzindikira madokotala ake. Anadabwa kuti mmene anapulumuka choyamba, bwino, ndiyeno iwo anafa matenda, zizindikiro zimene zinali monga kutsekula m'mimba. Mu masiku oyambirira ndi miyezi yakhala ikuchitika bomba la Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki, ochepa akanatha ananeneratu kuti anthu amene analipo pa kudzakhala moyo wanga wonse kuti akudwala matenda osiyanasiyana, ndipo ngakhale kubereka ana zosafunikira.

zochitika wotsatira

August 9, atangotha uthenga ndi bomba la Nagasaki ndi chilengezo cha nkhondo ndi Soviet Union, Mfumu Hirohito analankhula mokomera ndi kudzipereka yomweyo, malinga dziko mphamvu zake. Koma patapita masiku 5 TV Japanese inanena mawu ake pa kutha kwa Nkhondo mu Chingerezi. Komanso lemba la Ufumu Wake munanena kuti chimodzi mwa zifukwa kwa lingaliro lake ndi kukhalapo kwa mdani "zida zoopsa", ntchito zomwe zingachititse kuwonongedwa kwa mtundu.