Kodi m'gulu la shuga DNA? zapansi mankhwala kukonza DNA

Kudabwitsa kwa penyani momwe ofanana ndi mzake ndi makolo ndi ana. Kapena M'malo mwake, losiyaniranatu ndi abale ndi alongo, ndi kwa amayi ndi abambo. N'chifukwa chiyani kuchitika ndipo kodi zimadalira? Kodi nyumba ali ndi udindo kuteteza ndi, kuphatikiza, kutengerapo ndi mawu zizindikiro ana a makolo awo?

Udindo umene uli ku zidulo mkati kuti kupanga DNA. Kuti iwo ali mamolekyulu kuti kuchita ntchito njira zonse zokhudzana ndi chibadwa ndi kusintha. Special wapadera kwa izi ndi za mamolekyulu DNA.

Mbiri ya anapeza zidulo mkati

Kwa nthawi yaitali bwanji mamolekyulu izi silidziŵika. Komabe, mu 1869, wasayansi kafukufuku Miescher anapeza osakaniza DNA ndi RNA, ndiyeno kupeza kuti iwo ali zidulo. Iye anachita zimenezi mwa kuphunzira maselo oyera mu mafinya.

Kuyambira pamenepo anayamba kuphunzira kwambiri za mankhwala awa. Asayansi ambiri ayesa kudziwa mipweya ya DNA ndi RNA. Kuti timvetse bwino za uthunthu wawo, kapangidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha ntchito kwachilengedwenso. A chopereka chachikulu ichi ndi anthu monga:

• A. N. Belozersky.
• Thomas Morgan.
• K. Bridges.
• A. Meller.
• G. de A Vries.
• A. Sturtevant.
• G. A. Nadson.
• A. S. Serebrovsky.
• NP Dubinin.
• TS Filippov ndi ena.

Mu nthawi kuchokera 1900 mpaka lero wafotokoza bwino chikhalidwe cha zidulo mkati mankhwala zapansi wa DNA dongosolo, mbali yake ndi kufunika kwachilengedwenso. atulukira kale, anatilola Nganizilani ichi molekyulu konsekonse chifukwa cha moyo wonse.

Research m'munda wa chibadwa asiya kukhazikitsa ubale pakati pa DNA ndi DNA matupi athu, ndi kumvetsa malamulo majini zolengedwa ambiri. Zinali zofunika kwa kamvedwe ka wagawo nyama, njira zake ntchito.

Komanso, mipweya ya khromozomu wakhala kuzindikiridwa. Anapeza kuti maziko a - ndi mkati asidi molekyulu ndi dongosolo yeniyeni.

DNA: makhalidwe ambiri

Full mawu olembedwa chidule dzina - deoxyribonucleic acid. Pamodzi ndi asidi izi RNA amatanthauza angapo mkati. Dzina limeneli chifukwa cha DNA akulowa shuga. Dzinali - deoxyribose.

Mipweya ya DNA ndi RNA ofanana kwambiri, kusiyana nthawi makamaka zimam'patsa kupanga molekyulu. Mu RNA ndi ribose.

Nthawi zambiri, deoxyribonucleic asidi molekyulu ndi awiri Shackleton zovuta macromolecule ndi kulemera maselo Wofunika zosiyanasiyana zikuchokera. Choncho, ambiri mwa mankhwala a fano likutipatsa ali mawonekedwe a m'magawo awiri, ophatikizana masitepe yopingasa - kumangigwa.

Mu 1953, Chargaff ndi anzake anali wokhoza kuulula kwathunthu dongosolo mkati ndi zikuchokera molekyulu, umene unali wofunika kwambiri kwa lonse wa zamoyo ndi sayansi ambiri. Kunapezeka kuti asanu ndi mpweya shuga monga DNA zapansi (pentose), purine ndi pyrimidine zapansi ndi zatsalira orthophosphoric acid.

N'zotheka osati kwa kumvetsa zina kapangidwe kwambiri pawiri, komanso kuphunzira katundu, thupi ndi mankhwala. Udindo kwachilengedwenso kufunika kwa chamoyo anatengedwa ngati lofunika, chilengedwe ndi yeniyeni aliyense mankhwala.

mipweya

Ngati zimaonetsa mkati atomiki ndi maselo zikuchokera mamolekyulu mkati asidi, n'zotheka kudziwa mitundu yambiri yaikulu ya mankhwala:

• pentose - deoxyribose (zimam'patsa ndi monosaccharide);
• organic zapansi - purine (adenine ndi guanine) pyrimidine (cytosine ndi thymine);
• zatsalira phosphoric asidi m'ndende ufulu.

Izi mokulira, zapansi zonse mankhwala kapangidwe ndi DNA. Chinthu china ndi osakaniza zigawo zonse izi si kophweka, koma ndi zovuta ndi wapadera ndondomeko. Choncho, inakula deoxyribose, m'munsi ndi zochita kupanga asidi zotsalira pamodzi kupanga nyukiliotayidi. Ndi mmodzi wa mbali ya nyukiliotayidi, ndipo akufotokozera dongosolo lonse la molekyulu wonse.

Padera ndi imene maulamulirowo m'munsi organic adzakhala inali chimodzi kuseri kwa ena ndi poyerekezera ndi unyolo pafupi. Akuyambira nyukiliotayidi inamangidwa mogwirizana ndi mfundo zina, wamkulu amene ali ndi mapolojekiti (okhwima motsata purine ndi mbali pyrimidine). Zimenezi zimathandiza munthu aliyense kuti malamulo ake majini, wapadera, titadziwa ndi mtima zenizeni.

Fenotayipi akuwonetseredwa mu mawonekedwe a kulowezana kwa makhalidwe chosiyana, kuti palibe anthu awiri ofanana (kupatula mapasa ofanana), mbali zimasiyanitsa maonekedwe.

Kapangidwe ka DNA zikuphatikizapo shuga iliyonse?

Chifukwa cha nkhani iliyonse organic - ndi mpweya unyolo maatomu. The DNA si zosiyana. Ndipotu ya DNA akulowa shuga, ndicho tichipeza zinayendera maatomu mpweya asanu, pamodzi mu dongosolo ozungulira. molekyulu limeneli mawu ndi mlatho mpweya mu mkombero wonse.

The zikuchokera shuga mankhwala amalifotokoza zotsatirazi chilinganizo wazotsatira: C ₅ H ₁₀ O _4. Izi molekyulu - aldopentoza chikukhudza maatomu mpweya asanu, wopota mu kuzungulira. Komanso, mmodzi wa maatomu mu unyolo mmalo mwa gulu hydroxyl yekha lili wa hydrogen Choncho panali manambala oyambirira monga "deoxy" mu mutu shuga, i.e., popanda mpweya.

Mipweya ya shuga anatulukira ndi kuphunzira Fibusom Lieven, amene anatsegula dongosolo lonse mankhwala pawiri mu 1929.

Base mu molekyulu ndi

zapansi organic gawo la asidi DNA mkati zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu ziwiri zazikulu.

1. Purine - nyumba zovuta popangidwa ndi awiri a mpweya mkombero - zisanu ziwalo ndi zisanu ndi ziwalo. Zikuphatikizapo adenine ndi guanine, amene Kugwirizana ndi pyrimidine m'munsi wapangidwa deoxyribonucleic acid.
2. Pyrimidine - zisanu ndi ziwalo mpweya mphete. Izi zikuphatikizapo thymine ndi cytosine.

Choncho zikuoneka kuti mbali ya shuga DNA ndi maziko olumikizidwa kwa wina ndi mzake ndi ogwirizana ndi maulalo ndi kwakukulu asidi phosphoric. Onse pamodzi likukhalira nyukiliotayidi. Kapangidwe ambiri iwiri Shackleton molekyulu nucleotides DNA kumumanga mwa mogwirizana ndi lamulo la Mgwirizano ndi mapolojekiti ena: adenine m'munsi limafanana thymine, guanine ndi - cytosine.

Mitundu ya ubwenzi particles

The mitundu ikuluikulu ubale pakati pa nyumba zikuluzikulu DNA motere:

• haidrojeni;
• covalent kumalo ozizira;
• mphamvu intermolecular kukopa anthu ambiri;
• Vahan der Waals mogwirizana.

Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti anthu awiri Shackleton dongosolo iri mu conformations zitatu:

• chachikulu - mindandanda liniya wa nucleotides;
• sekondale - lililonse helically anapotoza yarns ndi awiri pafupi wina ndi mnzake;
• ukachenjede - zovuta conformational globule kwambiri molekyulu helical.

Choncho chakuti mbali ya DNA akulowa zatsalira shuga, m'munsi, ndi asidi ndi maziko a matabwa ake ndi dothi kukhazikitsa angapo ankachita ndi mapangidwe kumangidwa mankhwala.

DNA mtengo zamoyo

Pali mfundo zingapo zofunika kwambiri:

1. Mamolekyulu ankaona zidulo m'gulu mipweya DNA kuti kudziwa chizindikiro cha zamoyo zonse.
2. DNA - maziko a kaphatikizidwe unyolo zovuta polypeptide udindo 'kala' ikusonyeza ndi kufala kwa makhalidwe cholowa.
3. Deoxyribonucleic asidi - m'munsi kwa galamafoniyo, i.e. chachikulu RNA kaphatikizidwe, mapuloteni kenako.

njira zimenezi zikuchitika mu zinthu zonse. Zimenezi zimathandiza dongosolo otchedwa chilengedwe unit wa zamoyo zonse.

kugawikana mamolekyulu

ndondomeko ili mukuimira munthu anawaonjezera kuwirikiza kawiri za DNA, kunachitika zokha ndi ndalama mphamvu ku zamoyo zina. Mbali yaikulu mu nkhani iyi - DNA polymerase, ndi puloteni catalyzing ndi kulamulira kaphatikizidwe lonse.

Kugawanika Mfundo ndi yakuti aliyense wa mwawo molekyulu agawa ndipo kawiri ndondomeko yake liniya. The ndondomeko chifukwa umabala awiri mamolekyulu latsopano DNA omwe muli single polypeptide unyolo akale, ndi wachiwiri watsopano kotheratu, anamanga malinga ndi mfundo za mapolojekiti.

Njira Ubwino - kupereka mbadwa za uthengawu ku maselo uthunthu wake.