Kodi kuchuluka chiphunzitso cha ndalama

mfundo zachuma ndi chuma chiphunzitso 30s - 70s kwa zaka za m'ma 20 yodziwika ndi chakuti ntchito kutsogolera pazochitika mu malingaliro a zachuma keysianstva. Koma mu 70s munali kupindika chimakhala ndi chiphunzitso neoclassical. Iye wakhala kugwirizana kwenikweni ndi chitukuko cha kunyoza keysianstva chifukwa kuwonjezeka mu ulova ndi kuwuka khazikika m'njira mitengo.

Latsopano Chakale kuchuluka chiphunzitso cha ndalama zikufotokozedwa mu mawonekedwe a monetarism. Chiyambi cha chiphunzitso kuchuluka kunayamba m'ma 16, pamene panali kukhazikitsidwa kwa yoyamba m'mbiri ya Sukulu Chatsopano Economic. Iwo ankatchedwa sukulu mercantilist. Pankhaniyi, chiphunzitso kuchuluka wakhala ngati poyankha mfundo yaikulu ya mercantilism, koma makamaka pa khalidwe la chiphunzitso chawo kuti ndalama zambiri pali mothamanga kwambiri, zogulitsa, motero, kumaonjezera mathamangidwe wa kufalitsidwa lomwe lili ndi zotsatira opindulitsa pa kupanga.

Kufunsidwa mu nkhani yolembedwa izi za polojekitiyi zabwino kukula kwa chiwerengero cha zitsulo zamtengo wapatali mu dziko wotchuka English nzeru zapamwamba John Locke ndi David Hume. Choyamba poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, ndipo panopa mtengo mlingo. Chifukwa, chinapezeka kuti mitengo ya katundu ofanana unyinji wa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, dziko chabwino kwambiri.

Chifukwa cha iwo, anayambitsa kuchuluka chiphunzitso cha ndalama. Anzeruwo kudziwa kuti kufufuma mathithi pa nthawi pamene kuchuluka kwa katundu sizingafanane ndi ndalama. malingaliro amenewa anali sakulabadira ndi nthumwi zikuluzikulu za chitukuko pa nthawi ya malangizo chakale mu ndondomeko ya zachuma. Makamaka ndithu chiphunzitso posachedwapa anayang'ana A. Smith, amene wakhala ankaona ndalama monga njira kufalitsidwa, mtundu wa zida luso, zomwe kuwombola, choncho sanazindikire phindu nacho.

The kuzisiya kuchuluka chiphunzitso cha ndalama anadza kupyolera zachuma American Irving Fisher, amene ntchito yake yotchuka "Mphamvu kugula ndalama" wakhala anatha kupanga munthu aone kuti pali odziwika bwino pogwiritsa ntchito mawu awiri a ndalama amalire wa wotuluka chofunika:

• monga mankhwala a misa ndi mathamangidwe ya njira ya malipiro;
• monga yen ntchito mlingo ndipo chiwerengero cha katundu anagulitsa.

Lembani Fischer chilinganizo: MV = PQ. The bwino mbali za aone kuti pali ndi mankhwala ndi mapulogalamu voliyumu ya katundu anagulitsa, mitengo kuwunika kuti amalola kuti mwachindunji mu kufunika kwa ndalama. Chakumbali ndi ndalama, ndipo amasonyeza kuchuluka kuti anathera pa kugula katundu. Mwathunthu amasonyeza kundipatsako kwa ndalama.

Chifukwa, Fisher aone kuti pali kugwirizana khalidwe pakati pa ndalama ndi katundu msika. Poti ndalamazo - izo zangokhala mkhalapakati mu kugula ndi kugulitsa zida za kuchuluka kwa ndalama zimene zimagwiritsidwa nthawizonse zidzakhala zofanana ndi chiwerengero cha mitengo anazindikira ya katundu ndi ntchito. Pakati pake penipeni, aone kuti pali ili ndi dzina, kunyezimiritsa Kugwirizana pakati pa mlingo mtengo ndi ndalama.

The kachulukidwe chiphunzitso cha Fisher ndi ndalama kwambiri wamba mu American mabuku. chuma European anatenga monga mabaibulo yotchuka kwambiri ya chiphunzitso ichi cha Baibulo Cambridge, kapena, koposa chabe, chiphunzitso cha sikelo ndalama, mwakuchita Pigou ndi Alfred Marshall. Iwo anafuna kuti yomwenso yaikulu chito za ntchito ndalama zopeza. Chiphunzitso cha lingaliro anakambirana nawo muyeso ndalama umene m'pofunika kumvetsa gawo la revenues amene amasunga madzi payekha, ndalama.

Monetarist chiphunzitso cha ndalama, komanso mitundu ina ya chiphunzitso kachulukidwe lagona pa mfundo zotsatirazi:

• ndalama panopa kupezeka Kodi mosamalitsa Tanthauzo autonomously;
• ndi mathamangidwe cha kuchuluka amene sankalimbana nafe kwambiri lokhazikika;
• mphamvu yosokoneza lonse ndalama dera mu ndondomeko kupanga Kwaletsedwa.

Kuchuluka chiphunzitso cha ndalama anaphatikizidwa chimango malamulo, imene imachitika pa magombe a pakati pa Ulaya mu 20s kwa zaka za m'ma 20. lamuloli sakhala kuti muzichita, choncho anaganiza zopita ku chiphunzitso neoclassical zachuma.