Zakuthupi nyukiliya: zinthu, magwero awo ndi chiopsezo

About zaka zapitazo, anthu wabwera ina nyengo - koyamba kuphunzira zachilengedwe, ndiyeno cheza yokumba. Pakati pa zaka zana imene inkatchedwa atomiki, panali zochitika ziŵiri zotsutsana:

• Choyamba, ndi bomba la atomiki wa Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki;
• Kachiwiri, woyamba mphamvu za nyukiliya zomera Obninsk anatsegula mu dziko.

Zikatero, mphamvu zowononga wakhala anthu kulenga. Kodi pali zipangizo nyukiliya? ndi chikhazikitso zimene zikhoza cheza chiyani?

Kodi zinthu zili nyukiliya

Choyamba tiyenera kudziwa ndendende zimene zinthu anawagawira monga nyukiliya. Mu dongosolo Mendeleev a nthawi imakhala zinthu 120. Aliyense wa iwo wapangidwa ndi maatomu, ndipo maatomu ena zinthu akhoza kugwa. Izi akumasula cheza choopsa.

zakuthupi nyukiliya ukufanizidwa ndi zinthu mankhwala onse, anakonza pambuyo patsogolo. Total amadziwika oposa 80 oopsa zinthu nyukiliya. Mwachitsanzo, ndi rediamu, France, polonium, strontium, bismuth, germanium, cesium. Ena a iwo akupezeka mu chikhalidwe. Ena ntchito ya manja a anthu.

The katundu wa zinthu nyukiliya

Kuopsa kwa zinthu zimenezi chifukwa chakuti iwo ali, Choyamba, ndi maso anthu. Iwo alibe mtundu, kukoma kapena fungo. Kwa zaka zambiri munthu angakhale pafupi gwero nyukiliya, kanthu za izo osadziwa. Chinthu china choopsa cha kalasi zinthu ndi luso lawo amayenda mtunda wautali kuchokera ku gwero awo. Komabe, azingokhala awo sikudalira zinthu zachilengedwe.

ngozi nyukiliya si kuchotsedwa mwa thupi kapena mankhwala. zinthu nyukiliya akhale mu mlengalenga, nthaka, chakudya. Mwachitsanzo, imatsimikizirika kuti radionuclides kwambiri monga masamba monga kabichi ndi Beets.

Natural zinthu nyukiliya

Nkhani nyukiliya akhoza ali madipoziti mchere mu miyala ambiri, amene anyamula zinthu nyukiliya mu anapatsidwa kuchuluka. Mwachitsanzo, awa ndi malo mafuta yotulutsa of Western Siberia. Pali wambirimbiri madipoziti ureniamu, komanso zinthu zomwe ndi kusokonezeka ake mankhwala - radon, Analandira. Komanso, nkhani nyukiliya asalowe chilengedwe kudzera TPP TPP ndi amene umagwira ntchito pa mitundu ina ya malasha.

Zigawo ndi kunyezimira zachilengedwe nyukiliya

Zitsanzo za malo nyukiliya padziko lapansi pamene cheza ndi mwachibadwa zikuchitika, kungakhale magombe Indian ya Kerala, chigawo Chinese wa Guangdong, kumene isotopes ali mu nthaka, komanso mbali zina za dera la Brazil. Komanso kuchuluka mpweya cheza cha miyala khalidwe la m'madera ena ku France, Ukraine ndi Sweden.

Nthawi zambiri, zipangizo nyukiliya ndiponso zinthu nyukiliya zili zipangizo yomanga. Zitsanzo atha kutumikira ngati zomangira monga miyala, alum ndi phosphates. Iwo wapangidwa ndi ndalama mkulu wa radionuclides, pamene akugwiritsa ntchito makampani yomanga kudutsa bolodi. Zimenezi zimabweretsa kuwonjezeka zobwezedwa mu mlingo wa Popanga madzi a gamma cheza mwa nyumba.

Kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo nyukiliya yomanga: zoopsa wosaoneka

Zikatero akhala anaika kangapo. Mwachitsanzo, mu Omsk omanga zambiri ntchito kudzazidwa konkire madera ncho la kumpoto Kazakhstan nyumba chomenyedwa. Munali kuchuluka apamwamba a nyukiliya ureniamu, chifukwa mu nyumba anali milingo kwambiri okwera cheza Popanga madzi a gamma.

Komanso anapereka pamene nyukiliya zipangizo kumanga ntchito yomanga nyumba. kuphwanya Izi zinalembedwa mu dera Yekaterinburg, pa Kostousova siteshoni. Kumangira maziko, kupaka pulasitala, ndi zina akumaliza, ogwira ntchito mchenga munali nyukiliya thorium.

Zikatero monga izi, lolembedwa akonzedwa yaikulu. Mu Kazakhstan, Trans-Baikal ndi m'madera ena ambiri ndikamapukuta misewu, playgrounds, mitunda, omanga ntchito zabwino ureniamu ores. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwambiri minda oopsa cheza.

magwero yokumba cha mpweya wa poizoni

zakuthupi nyukiliya angakhalenso nkhani ya manja a anthu. Pali malo osiyanasiyana amene amaipitsa malo ndi radionuclides:

1. Ndi mabomba a nyukiliya kuti ntchito yopanga mafuta.
2. Mayesero pa ranges asilikali.
3. Mabizinezi a nyukiliya mafuta mkombero.
4. Ngozi pa zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya.
5. Komanso ngozi yaikulu akumenyana, amene ntchito mabomba a atomiki ndi zipolopolo.
6. Kutaya zinthu nyukiliya.
7. Imprudent ntchito zosiyanasiyana zipangizo luso.

Mayendedwe zinthu nyukiliya

Transport zakuthupi nyukiliya akupezeka motsatira malamulo apadera, amene wavomerezedwa ndi Chilamulo Federal "Pa mphamvu nyukiliya." Pakuti malonda ambiri, mayendedwe awo ndi mbali yofunika ya ntchito zonse. pali wapadera chitetezo kwa zoyendera zinthu izi.

Nagawira - ndi chinthu choterocho amene mtima ndi nyutironi adani chiyambi kugawaniza. Mwachidule mitima yawo kugwa, motero mphamvu adzamasulidwa. An zipangizo Mwachitsanzo fissile atha kutumikira ngati ureniamu-235, ureniamu-233, nyukiliyazo basi-239, ndipo ena. Fissile ndi nyukiliya zipangizo saloledwa zoyendera mwa miyambo. miyambo kulamulira kumachitika mwa yimitsira magalimoto malire.