Kugwa ndi otsetsereka a mtsinje - ndichiyani? Kudziwa otsetsereka a mitsinje: Volga, Amur, Pechora

Mtsinje - otaya madzi chiyambi zachilengedwe, moyenda kudzera njira, zinayenda bwino. N'zotheka m'litali mwa watercourse ndi chiwerengero cha makhwawa wake, wamba catchment dera, etc. Mmodzi wa waukulu magawo hydrological - pamalo otsetsereka a mtsinje. Kodi kuwerengera izo?

ndi dontho mu mtsinje chiyani?

Aliyense watercourse zachilengedwe pa dziko umayenda kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi. Chifukwa chimene izi - odziwika bwino tonsefe lamulo la kukoka lonse, linatsegulidwa Isaakom Nyutonom akadali cha m'ma XVII. mitsinje yonse zambiri kuyambira akasupe mobisa kapena zichokera kwa nyanja yaikulu. Kenako kunyamula downwards madzi (pang'onopang'ono kapena mofulumira) - kwa nyanja ndi nyanja.

Igwani Mtsinje ukutionetsera m'mene ambiri amataya mu msinkhu kapena kuti watercourse pamene wake "ulendo" a padziko lapansi. M'mawu ena, kutalika kusiyana pakati pa gwero mfundo ndi mfundo za pakamwa mtsinje. Kugwa chikwaniritsidwe kapena tsankho (pamene kuli kofunikira kuwerengera index izi kwa makamaka gawo njira).

Kuwerengetsa mtsinje dontho-brainer. Kuti tichite zimenezi, muyenera kudziwa kutalika kwa gwero lake ndi pakamwa. Mwachitsanzo, timapatsidwa mtsinje ndi utali wonse wa 2,000 Km, limene limayamba ulendo wake pa kuzungulira 250 m, ndipo amalowa nyanja pamalo okwera 50 m. Kusiyana zizindikiro awiriwa adzakhala mamita 200. Ichi chidzakhala kugwa kwa mtsinje A.

Kudziwa dontho kuchita masamu ndi otsetsereka a mtsinje. Kodi kuchita izo - kuwerenga gawo lotsatira.

Kodi kuwerengera otsetsereka a watercourse chiyani?

The otsetsereka a mtsinje - ndi chiŵerengero cha kugwa kwa watercourse kuti m'litali okwana. Chizindikiro tingasonyezere peresenti mille (zambiri) madigiri kapena m / Km.

Otsetsereka m'zigwa ndi mitsinje phiri zimasiyana kwambiri. Pankhani zakale, chithunzi ichi kawirikawiri upambana 0.1 m / Km. The otsetsereka a mitsinje phiri akhoza kukhala mu makumi kapena mazana nthawi zambiri.

Kuwerengetsa chithunzi ichi n'zosavuta. Tiyeni tionenso mtsinje wathu A, umene uli wofanana ndi dontho la mamita 200. Kuwerengetsa mtengo otsetsereka ndi kugawidwa ndi mtengo wa kutalika mtsinje: 200 m / 2,000 kuchokera = 0,1 m / Km. Kuchokera pamenepa, tikhoza kunena kuti mtsinje wathu A - athyathyathya ndipo ali ndi liwiro otsika madziwo.

Igwani Mtsinje, ndi otsetsereka akhoza ankaimira momveka. Chifukwa chaichi, otchedwa Mbiri kotenga. Olamulira "×" yo adzakhala kutalika kwa mtsinje, ndi olamulira "Y" - kutalika alili. mbiri Izi zimaoneka motere:

Kugwa ndi otsetsereka wa Volga

Kuti athetse mavuto otere kusukulu, maphunziro madera mu sitandade 8. Tengani chitsanzo cha Europe yaikulu waterway - ndi Volga. Tiyeni tiyese kuwerengera kugwa ndi pamalo otsetsereka a mtsinje.

Volga amalowa gawo European la Russia, mu uthunthu wa nkhani 15 boma. Nthawi zambiri amasintha malangizo ake. Izi ndi waterway chofunika kwambiri dziko, mtsinje waukulu wa dziko la madzi amene musalekane m'nyanja kapena nyanja.

Volga zimachokera ku Valdai Hills, pamalo okwera mamita 228 pamwamba pa nyanja. Mu dera Astrakhan, izo amalowa m'Nyanja Caspian. Pa nthawi yomweyo pakamwa lili pamalo okwera (-28) meters. Choncho, chiwerengero dontho mu Volga - 256 meters. Tsopano ife kuwerengera otsetsereka a mtsinje.

Volga ali ndi utali wonse wa 3530 Km. Pa nthawi yomweyo amatenga madzi gawo lalikulu la miliyoni 1,36 lalikulu M.. Km. Izi kanayi lalikulu kuposa m'dera la Germany! Kuwerengetsa otsetsereka wa Volga ayenera kuchita zotsatirazi ntchito masamu: 256 m / 3530 Km = 0,07 m / Km.

Kugwa ndi otsetsereka wa Amur Mtsinje

Imodzi mwa mitsinje yaikulu ya Far East, moyenda pakati pa maiko awiri (Russia ndi China), - ndi Cupid. gwero lake amati kukhala confluence wa Shilka ndi Argun. Kutalika kwa mfundo imeneyi pamwamba pa nyanja - mamita 304. Komanso Amur umayenda makamaka kum'mawa ndi amalowa Okhotsk. Kutalika m'kamwa mwake 0 mamita. Choncho wonse dontho Amur - mamita 304. Ife kuwerengera otsetsereka a mtsinje.

Cupid ali ndi utali wonse wa 2824 Km. M'dera la beseni ndi miliyoni 1,85 mamita lalikulu. Km. Kuwerengetsa otsetsereka wa Amur ayenera kuchita ntchito yosavuta masamu: 304 m / 2.824 Km = 0,11 m / Km.

chizindikiro limatiuza kuti kutalika malo njira ya kilometre mmodzi wa Amur Mtsinje "wotaya" masentimita 11 kutalika. Nkofunika kudziwa kuti otsetsereka wonse wa watercourse pang'ono nkhani. Inde, zinthu geomorphological (mtunda zinthu), chimene chiri mtsinje bedi, zingasiyane zayamba. Choncho ndi bwino kuwerengetsa chizindikiro ichi kwa zigawo munthu lalifupi pa mtsinje.

Kugwa ndi otsetsereka a Pechora Mtsinje

Pechora - mwachilungamo lalikulu Russian mtsinje ukuyenda mu Republic Komi ndi Nenets Autonomous District. Chimayambira mu mapiri a kumpoto Urals mapiri pamalo okwera mamita 630 pamwamba pa nyanja. Pechora amalowa Bay cha dzina chomwecho mu Nyanja Barents, n'kupanga ankadziwana lalikulu. Kutalika m'kamwa - 0 mamita. Ife kuwerengera kugwa ndi pamalo otsetsereka a mtsinje.

Pechora ali ndi utali wonse wa 1809 Km. Kugwa kwa mtsinje wa mamita 630. M'dera la Pechora Mtsinje beseni poyerekeza ndi Volga ndi Amur ndi zazing'ono - 330 okha zikwi sq M.. Km. Kuwerengetsa otsetsereka a Pechora Mtsinje ayenera kuchita zotsatirazi ntchito masamu: 630 m / 1809 Km = 0,35 m / Km.

Monga momwe taonera, mwa atatu m'nkhani ino, mitsinje lalikulu kukondera khalidwe la Pechora. Nthawi zambiri, tanthauzo la chizindikiro zimenezi zimathandiza hydrologists makamaka kuphunzira kwa chigwa cha mtsinje, madzi ulamuliro wake ndi njira njira.